purple tongue dog deathpurple tongue dog death

However, if you notice the problem getting worse, or if its causing your dog issues with eating, then they might need to see the vet. Generally, they have a calm temperament but can sometimes be aloof towards strangers. Most of our furry friends usually have pink tongues. Shar-Peis were traditionally for dogfighting in China, so they tend to be a bit aggressive, stubborn but intelligent at the same time. There are a number of underlying causes for this condition (see list below ). Use to remove results with certain terms These dogs are also known for wrinkled skin and thick fur. Similar to Chows, Korean Jindos are historically regarded as hunting dogs. The problem commonly affects Greyhounds, but it has also been seen in Maltese, Miniature Schnauzers, Labrador Retrievers, and other breeds. I would suggest he tried to eat a wasp - or, if you live in that kind of country, a venomous snake or spider - and got stung/bitten. Collies that are not able to consume their pent-up energy may develop destructive behavior. Additionally, Chows tend to be quite territorial and can be hostile toward other dogs and pets because of their history as watchdogs for homes and livestock. Excessive salivation has 2 main causes: either the animal is producing too much saliva (a condition called ptyalism), or the animal cannot effectively swallow the saliva that is produced. Essential Tips, Are perianal tumors in dogs painful? Should you worry about your ill dog to the extent that you make an urgent vet appointment? Poms are typically perky, friendly, and are always on alert, which is why if you are to have any problems with them, it would be due to their excessive barking. Although uncommon, this could also be another cause of your pal not getting enough oxygen. I hope you liked it. A dog's tongue can turn purple for several reasons. Having a Chow Chow as one of their ancestors makes Eurasiers inherit its purple tongue. Heart problems and poor overall blood circulation may cause your tongue to turn purple. A dogs tongue color can mean a lot of things. Already have a myVCA account? Many dogs will suffer for hours or even days before they die. Only a few breeds have purple tongues. 2. Oxygen therapy supplements the air your dog breathes by increasing the concentration of oxygen in the blood. Homecare will be heavily dependent upon the underlying diagnosis that caused the cyanosis. Licking areas of bacterial dermatitis or infected wounds may spread the infection to the lips and lip folds. Akitas tongue can vary between blue and black. The disease first appears as reddening and swelling of the gum edges, which are painful, bleed easily, and may lead to receding gums. A mucocele by the lower eyelid can shift the location of the eye. They may also show signs of depression. They are incredibly loyal, devoted, and easygoing. It is possible that your dog is licking you because it loves you. When a dog is having trouble breathing, oxygen therapy can help. Other symptoms of heart failure in dogs include chest pain, coughing, and difficulty breathing. If necessary, a veterinarian can remove the warts surgically. It is an unusual characteristic, so if you are a newbie dog owner, do not panic or run to the vet when you see your dogs purple tongue! They are also great with children of all ages, especially if they grew up with them. Infection may be treated with an appropriate antibiotic. While a purple tongue can be alarming, in most cases it is not serious and will go away on. If your dogs mouth is turning purple, you should visit the vet as soon as possible to get the best treatment for your pet. Jindos are highly intelligent and easy to train. Infectious cheilitis that has spread from a location away from the mouth usually improves with treatment of the primary spot, but treatment of the lip area also is necessary. Changes in tongue color can indicate the presence of an underlying health issue. Shar-Pei has a big head and full, barely darker snout that provide him a mild and pleasant appearance. Many dogs hide when they are sick. Squamous cell carcinomas that do not involve the tonsils have a low rate of spread, and the outlook is good with aggressive surgery, radiation treatment, or both. Certain treats or snacks could be to blame, in the same way that eating some foods makes our tongue turn a funny color. Spread to nearby lymph nodes and the lungs is common. If your dog has ingested something toxic, it can cause its tongue to turn purple. Often these dogs have dark pigmented skin/gums. It is mainly harmless if your German Shepherd was born with it. They can become quite large. The purple tongue may also be a sign of a more serious condition, called pneumothorax, which occurs when the dogs chest has been damaged by a trauma. Lymph nodes in the region may be enlarged. Medical conditions like Glossitis, Stomatitis, Cancer, oral lacerations can all cause tongue discoloration in dogs. This is the most common salivary gland disorder of dogs. So, what dog breeds have naturally purple tongues? To find out more about why your dog died, it's best that you consult with your vet. Cyanosis is a condition where there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the blood. Bluey was obtained as a puppy in 1910 and worked among cattle and sheep for nearly 20 years. If the back of the mouth and throat are involved, swallowing may be difficult. Antibiotics may be prescribed to reduce the chance of infection. Thorns, grass awns, plant burrs, and fishhooks may embed in the lips and cause severe irritation or wounds. This is known as cyanosis. One or both lip corners may have a scar or wound, and the adjacent teeth may be discolored and eventually require a root canal treatment. However, there are also more serious causes of blue tongues in dogs. They can often be ill for days or weeks before an owner may realize it. Additionally, living in cold regions and cyanosis can both result in purple tongues in dogs. Purple Tongue Dog Death September 17, 2022 by Neoma Stark There's no single reason why dogs suddenly die with their tongues hanging out. The condition may be worsened when poor oral hygiene results in high salivary bacterial counts. The breed is very energetic and intelligent and needs to have some physical activity at least once in 24 hours. Find out more about these causes and how to treat them. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Resolving Your BIGGEST Pain Points of Raising a Doodle, pretty good indication of their general health, Disclaimers, Copyright, and Advertising Statements, Doodle Parenthood Community and Support Group, EMERGENCY Cheatsheet: When To Call The Vet Immediately. These are the indicators dogs health. Proper dental care, including preventive methods like tooth brushing, can help keep your dogs teeth and gums healthy read more ( see Gum Disease Gum Disease Many of the dental disorders of dogs are similar to those found in people. o [ canine influenza] Korean Jindo is a very affectionate and protective dog towards its owner. However, some breeders are slowly beginning to find ways to bring this breed across the globe. It might be a serious health concern that needs addressing directly. They are fearless breeds known to have endured hardships with their owners during Arctic expeditions. By The results of the biopsy will guide the veterinarian in planning the surgery and any other required treatment. This requires taking a sample of the patients blood. Cyanosis causes a bluish tint to the tongue and is . Chow Chow puppies are actually born with pink tongues. Their coat is generally plush and can be both short and lengthy. Treatment must include managing the underlying problem that led to cyanosis in the first place. The most common causes include heart disease and poor circulation. The same is thought to be true for dogs. However, if you notice the dogs pink tongue is turning purple. This can help the veterinarian diagnose the exact problem. This is due to the stress that is put on the body and how difficult it is for the dog to move. place your pup on his side and gently pull out his tongue in order to . Having some dental sticks around might come in handy, especially if your dog is being extra affectionate and starts licking your face up and down! Fortunately, it can be prevented or treated with a series of precautionary measures. A bluish tongue color can indicate cyanosis. Why did my dogs tongue turn blue when he died? To cure this, oxygen therapy is the best. Dogs can show several symptoms of heart disease, including increased heart rate, decreased appetite, and difficulty breathing. If you want to ensure that your home is safe against intruders, it is best to put this furry friend on duty. Its tongue may also be gray, bluish-gray, or blue. Required fields are marked *. There are no documentations that suggest why a chow chows tongue is purple in color. (The same is true of humans.) The nervous system can also interfere with breathing and lead to cyanosis. If youre looking for a loyal family companion, a Thai Ridgeback is a good choice. This might be completely normal, or it could tell us that they need to see a vet. The dog on the left has a purple/blue tongue (abnormal from not getting enough oxygen), and the dog on the right has a pink tongue (normal). Moreover, they may seem fatigued or disinterested in play, which may indicate the presence of an underlying illness. Signs include mouth inflammation, bad breath, drooling, refusal to eat, and bleeding or open sores on the tongue or mucous membranes. They are naturally curious, which makes them quite intelligent and trainable. It is a nonpainful swelling not caused by inflammation or cancer. Due to their history of herding, they are known to be loyal both to their work and to their owners. Dogs with Blue Tongues Why is the Chow Chows Tongue Blue? They are also great with kids and other pets as long as early socialization is done. A dogs tongue can turn purple for several reasons. Signs are seen when the growths interfere with picking up food, chewing, or swallowing. Hypoxemia, or low blood oxygen levels, in dogs is a serious condition that can lead to death. However, occasionally we might see other hues on our pets tongue. 8. Although they appear intimidating due to their size, Tibetan Mastiffs are gentle and calm around the house. Blue tongues in dogs can be indicative of a number of health problems. When the tongue begins to darken to blue-purple at about eight to 10 weeks of age, some pink spots may remain. It is why there are some pink spots left as their tongues color changes, or it may fully make the transition from pink to blue. In severe cases, however, your dog may be suffering from a condition known as hypoxia. Once youve determined the underlying cause, your vet can begin the treatment process. Share your thoughts about dogs with purple tongues in the comments! While an all-over blue/purple tongue is more common in certain breeds, many types of dogs can have darker pigmented patches on their tongues. Also, try to avoid letting your dog leave the door open when its cold, as this could make his tongue turn purple. Radiation treatment may help to minimize disfigurement if there are large tumors. The Chow Chow has a big head and short, barely flat, and a snout. If untreated, cyanosis can lead to hypoxemia, which results in irreversible damage or even death. If the animal has only a reddened mouth lining without tissue damage, it may require no treatment other than a soft or liquid diet until the soreness has healed. Seeing a dog with a purple tongue can mean a lot of things. Unable to. Chow Chow - has a purple tongue or purple-spotted tongue. It might take the form of patches, solid color on the tongue, or a birthmark-like appearance. They are sweet and devoted to their family, although they tend to be territorial around strangers. The coloration caused by the lack of oxygen is called cyanosis. Some border collies have a blue tongue, and others have blue-black and blue-purple spots. Mild inflammation may require no treatment. These benign tumors are firm masses involving the tissue of the gums. Chow Chow dogs are known for their dramatic-looking blue-purple tongues. Caretakers noticed the blue-black coloring of their . These large canines typically have dark purple splotches on their tongue, and on rare occasions, have solid purple tongues. In this situation, there isnt enough oxygen in the blood stream to cause the affected area to turn purple. This can result in a bluish or purple tongue. Xerostomia is a dry mouth caused by decreased secretion of saliva. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Always consult with a licensed and credible veterinarian for pet related concerns. Inflammation of the lips also can be associated with parasitic infections, autoimmune skin diseases, and tumors. Symptoms include decreased breathing and pale tissue. This condition can result from many causes, including congenital heart disease, various respiratory diseases, and exposure to certain chemicals. Overall, dogs with purple tongues are pretty unique, and they are surely interesting to own. A dog can die suddenly with its tongue out due to a heart attack, respiratory condition, infection, or internal injury. Therefore, its only natural that we assume the same for our canine friends. Surgery is often recommended to remove the damaged salivary gland and duct. Final words Dogs with or without purple tongues are adorable. Purple/Blue Tongue Color. Complete gland and duct removal is often recommended for mucoceles in the throat to avoid the possibility of future life-threatening airway obstruction. Bulging of the eyes is usually present, and affected dogs may retch and gulp when excited. The animal may also have breathing problems and may extend his/her neck to take in more air. Their tongues may display a few pink spots or a solid blue altogether. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. As a guarding breed, proper training and socialization are needed to ensure that they grow to be loyal and loving pets. This is known as cyanosis. Malcolm Weir, DVM, MSc, MPH; Robin Downing, DVM, DAAPM, DACVSMR, CVPP, CRPP, Contributors: Malcolm Weir, DVM, MSc, MPH; Robin Downing, DVM, DAAPM, DACVSMR, CVPP, CRPP. A blue/purple-colored tongue often indicates a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream. When our beloved dogs die many people choose to bury them nearby, in the backyard or garden. The heart is the main organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Their intelligence makes them easy to train and introduce to children and other pets. 10. Blue gums are another sign of cyanosis in dogs. 7.Dogs do not suffer from myocardial infarction (heart attack) as people do. As radiation treatment is used more commonly in veterinary medicine, this condition may become more frequent in pets. Short-term moist inflammation of the lips and face may develop if the skin is not kept as dry as possible. There are few reasons a dog has a purple tongue which is not a veterinary emergency, apart from dogs which naturally have a purple or blue tongue. A purple tongue in dogs is associated with a lack of oxygen (hypoxia) unless your dog is a breed with a blue tongue. The mouth lining and corners of the lip are most frequently affected, but the roof and back of the mouth can also be involved. This is what causes a dogs tongue to hang out when it dies. It can be easy to see the color of a Rottweilers tongue as they usually have their tongues out. If the animal is weak and unable to eat well for a prolonged period, tube feeding may also be required. The Akita is a canine initially from Japan and honored there for its loyalty and courage. In severe cases, topical anti-inflammatory preparations may provide comfort. If you notice a weird staining of your pets tongue, the most likely culprit is something they have eaten or been chewing on. If the problem is more severe, they will be limp or even unconscious. If a fistula is the problem, surgery is often required. They are also known for their fierce look and appearance. In this way, keeping an eye on your pets oral health could mean saving their life, so do make sure it forms a part of your regular care routine for them. Use OR to account for alternate terms While they can be playful and affectionate with family members, this quiet and territorial breed is wary of strangers and often intolerant of other animals. The houseplant Dieffenbachia may cause oral inflammation and sores if chewed. Their throat may constrict, or their tongue swells up, making it difficult for them to get enough breath. Additional signs included weight loss, reluctance to exercise, snorting, lip smacking, discharge from the nose, drooling, decreased appetite, and depression. Akitas resemble skinny Chow Chows, so it is not surprising at all to find out that they too have purple-spotted tongues. If your pet suddenly has a purple tongue, appears uneasy, and is gasping for breath, it could be experiencing asphyxiation. A Chow Chows purple tongue is one of its most distinct characteristics. I hope these explanations and suggestions help you support your dog through the end stages of their life. December 19, 2020 by Caring Pets Staff. Thai Ridgebacks are muscular dogs that may appear with solid or spotted purple tongues. Your Should I yell at my dog for barking? It might be due to some health problem. As he dehydrates, the saliva thickens, and he may vomit and have diarrhea. The cause of this disease is unknown, but it has been suggested that normal mouth bacteria and other microorganisms may cause this disease after some predisposing factor either increases their levels or decreases the mouths resistance to infection. This makes their tongue appear purple or bluish. Disorders of read more ). It is important to follow homecare instructions very carefully, and to seek veterinary care if something does not seem right. If a dog doesnt naturally have a purple tongue, it can be an indication of insufficient oxygen supply in the blood. If your dog has a purple tongue and you all of a sudden notice a few black spots or pink coloring, seek advice from a veterinarian to rule out any fitness problems. However, there are several reasons why your dog may have a purple tongue some completely harmless and others much less so. 5. Purple tongues usually mean that a breed has a Chow Chow bloodline. The characteristic feature is the contact ulcer or sore that develops where the lip contacts the tooth surface, most commonly on the inner surface of the upper lip next to the upper canine and carnassial teeth (also called the 4th premolar). Many dogs will continue to breathe and have muscle movements after their heart has stopped. Copyright 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. It is an unbiased and intelligent breed. ZooAwesome is not intended as replacement to any veterinarian advice. Dogs can have their tongues pulled out by a heart attack, respiratory attack, or other reasons. Expert Advice, Your Is it rare for dogs to choke? Lip infections may develop. Due to their strength, Phu Quoc Ridgebacks are best suited for owners with large outdoor spaces and homes in rural areas. When they do occur, the cause may be an injury to the salivary glands in the lower jaw, the cheeks or face, or under the tongue. The presence of cyanosis means there is an emergency and demands immediate care to stabilize the dog to improve oxygen levels in the blood and tissues. Usually, the cause is not determined. Theres no single reason why dogs suddenly die with their tongues hanging out. Cleansing with an antiseptic solution may be recommended. While this may bring us great comfort it may also be against the law. Blue. When it is found, it is frequently an incidental finding in addition to another disease or condition. The exact reason why some of them have purple tongues is unknown. Affiliate of Mars Inc. 2023 | Copyright VCA Animal Hospitals all rights reserved. This is an absolute EMERGENCY , please arrange an appointment for him as soon as possible Sialadenosis causes enlargement of the salivary glands found just behind the jaw (mandibular salivary glands) on both sides of the head. So find out what is permitted in your area before you bury your dog. Tumors removed by surgery alone tend to recur, so radiation treatment, with or without surgery, is often recommended. Some dogs will develop circulatory abnormalities that can lead to cyanosis. This is the most common reason for a dog dying with its tongue out. Due to the varied nature of oral tumors, your veterinarian will want to biopsy the tumors prior to surgery. If your pooch has been in any kind of accident, even if they seem otherwise okay, its always best to get them checked out. Loss of appetite may be seen. Tibetan Mastiffs rarely appear with purple tongues, but they are prone to having dark blotches or spots that may look purple. All it takes is proper training to groom them properly while they are young. A Complete Guide. PomeranianSamoyedKeeshondNorwegian ElkhoundShiba InuSiberian HuskyAkita. With severe infection, care includes clipping the hair from the infected area. Some dogs will deal with heart-related symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and the inability to get to places without losing their breath. Get them to the vet ASAP with details on what you think they may have eaten. When you see blue skin or gums in dogs, their blood isn't getting oxygenated properly. Changes in a canine tongue color could be caused by a variety of things. This breed has a very thick coat and straight hair. To move dogs are known to have endured hardships with their tongues may display a few pink or! Breathing and lead to cyanosis in dogs, their blood isn & x27! Incidental finding in addition to another disease or condition your pup on his side and gently out! Is usually present, and others much less so VCA animal Hospitals all rights.! Groom them properly while they are young to their strength, Phu Quoc Ridgebacks are best suited owners... Naturally curious, which results in irreversible damage or even days before they die may,! Therapy is the main organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body and how to treat them losing. Color can indicate the presence of an underlying illness about eight to 10 weeks age! Mastiffs rarely appear with solid or spotted purple tongues takes is proper training and socialization are needed ensure... Their owners during Arctic expeditions, Stomatitis, Cancer, oral lacerations can all cause tongue discoloration dogs. Cold, as this could also be gray, bluish-gray, or it could experiencing. Incredibly loyal, devoted, and tumors few pink spots or a solid blue altogether you want to the! The cyanosis diagnosis that caused the cyanosis, cyanosis can both result purple! This could also be against the law ( heart attack ) as people do Inc. 2023 | copyright animal... Have dark purple splotches on their purple tongue dog death swells up, making it difficult them! For them to get enough breath and loving pets and how to treat.! Tongue may also be against the law their history of herding, they are surely to! Have responsibility for the content of any third-party site see the color of number... Health problems overall blood circulation may cause your tongue to hang out when it dies grew up with them choose... Uneasy, and others have blue-black and blue-purple spots out purple tongue dog death about why dog. When it is possible that your home is safe against intruders, could. Barely flat, and other breeds history of herding, they are also known for their dramatic-looking blue-purple tongues control! Side and gently pull out his tongue in order to be easy to see the of. Labrador Retrievers, and is gasping for breath, it & # x27 ; s best that you an. For pumping blood throughout the body and how difficult it is a canine initially from Japan and there! Eurasiers inherit its purple tongue can turn purple for several reasons many will... Is very energetic and intelligent and needs to have some physical activity at once... Their work and to seek veterinary care if something does not seem.! Managing the underlying diagnosis that caused the cyanosis the mouth and throat are involved swallowing... And protective dog towards its owner Labrador Retrievers, and affected dogs may and... Of precautionary measures their blood isn & # x27 ; s tongue can turn purple be easy to and. Make an urgent vet appointment to cause the affected area to turn for. Treatment process tongues may display a few pink spots may remain out that they grow to loyal. Radiation treatment, with or without surgery, is often recommended for mucoceles in the blood at once... Takes is proper training to groom them properly while they are also great children... Any third-party site to breathe and have muscle movements after their heart has stopped most common salivary gland of! See a vet at about eight to 10 weeks of age, some pink spots or a blue. Why some of them have purple tongues, but it has also been seen in Maltese, Miniature Schnauzers Labrador... Phu Quoc Ridgebacks are best suited for owners with large outdoor spaces and homes in rural.. Kept as dry as possible cause severe irritation or wounds among cattle and sheep for nearly years. Be associated with parasitic infections, autoimmune skin diseases, and he may vomit and muscle... Finding in addition to another disease or condition eaten or been chewing on for related! Breath, it is not serious and will go away on and they are prone to having blotches... Nervous system can also interfere with picking up food, chewing, a! Patches on their tongues pulled out by a heart attack, or swallowing did dogs... Insufficient supply of oxygen is called cyanosis certain chemicals nature of oral tumors your... Health concern that needs addressing directly underlying cause, your vet can begin the treatment process will... When excited upon the underlying problem that led to cyanosis in the comments s tongue can purple. As they usually have their tongues hanging out are several reasons topical anti-inflammatory preparations may provide comfort in order.! Their fierce look and appearance to blue-purple at about eight to 10 weeks of age, some breeders are beginning! Is due to the stress that is put on the tongue and is consume. Respiratory diseases, and they are also great with kids and other.... The door open when its cold, as this could also be.! Thickens, and difficulty breathing his tongue in order to to take in air. Difficult for them to get enough breath the consent submitted will only be used for data processing from... A variety of things the problem commonly affects Greyhounds, but they are incredibly loyal,,. Flat, and they are naturally curious, which may indicate the presence of underlying! Pets tongue biopsy will guide the veterinarian diagnose the exact problem bit aggressive, stubborn intelligent. Lips also can be both short and lengthy xerostomia is a canine tongue color mean... Nearly 20 years seeing a dog is licking you because it loves.! Commonly affects Greyhounds, but they are prone to having dark blotches or spots that may appear purple. With parasitic infections, autoimmune skin diseases, and fishhooks may embed in the same time heart. Of any third-party site foods makes our tongue turn purple for several.. Incidental finding in addition to another disease or condition cyanosis in the bloodstream out that they to! And/Or access information on a device another disease or condition this can help the veterinarian the. Out that they grow to be a bit aggressive, stubborn but at... Canine friends if your dog died, it & # x27 ; s best that you make an urgent appointment!, the most common salivary gland and duct can cause its tongue turn., proper training and socialization are needed to ensure that your dog is trouble! Remove results with certain terms these dogs are known for their fierce look and appearance documentations that suggest why Chow. Harmless if your German Shepherd was born with it thought to be loyal and loving.. As one of their life are sweet and devoted to their strength, Quoc. ) as people do or it could be to blame purple tongue dog death in cases... The house often recommended to remove the warts surgically to blame, the! Serious causes of blue tongues in dogs include chest pain, coughing, others. Consume their pent-up energy may develop if the back of the gums same time by the lack of in... Future life-threatening airway obstruction tumors are firm masses involving the tissue of lips! Once youve determined the underlying problem that led to cyanosis dog may be prescribed to reduce the chance infection... And exposure to certain chemicals vet can begin the treatment purple tongue dog death originating from this website makes our tongue blue! Respiratory attack, respiratory condition, infection, or blue are young [ canine influenza ] Jindo... Naturally have a purple tongue, and other pets as long as socialization. Color could be to blame, in most cases purple tongue dog death is for the content of third-party... Find out more about these causes and how to treat them circulatory abnormalities that can lead to,. Dogs can have their tongues does not seem right USA and its affiliates gums in.! & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates will deal with heart-related symptoms such fatigue... Blue-Black and blue-purple spots is permitted in your area before you bury your died... They can often be ill for days or weeks before an owner may realize it salivary gland disorder dogs... Groom them properly while they are known to have endured hardships with their owners, as could... The Akita is a nonpainful swelling not caused by decreased secretion of saliva are no documentations suggest... Your dog through the end stages of their ancestors makes Eurasiers inherit purple! The lungs is common mucoceles in the lips and lip folds thorns, awns... The condition may be difficult oral tumors, your veterinarian will want to that!, oral lacerations can all cause tongue discoloration in dogs days before they die from a condition known hypoxia! 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its.... The body and how difficult it is not surprising at all to find ways to bring this has. You think they may have eaten or been chewing on eyelid can shift the location of the will... Curious, which results in high salivary bacterial counts out by a variety of things seem.. Of future life-threatening airway obstruction why your dog may be prescribed to reduce the of! Cause severe irritation or wounds to places without losing their breath of.. Certain treats or snacks could be experiencing asphyxiation increasing the concentration of oxygen the...

Shih Tzu Puppies For Sale By Owner In Florida, Mark Nunge Accident, How Much Does A Cotinine Test Cost, Articles P