Central Carbon is hybridized as the molecule forms all the four bonds in the. A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the C2Cl2 Lewis Dot Structure.For the C2Cl2 structure use the periodic table to find the total number of valence electrons for the C2Cl2 molecule. Hence there is no change in the above sketch of CH2Cl2. Octet rule states that an element is surrounded by eight electrobs in its Lewis structure. Here, the given molecule is CH2Cl2. Valence electrons in each of the Chlorine atom are seven ( 3s2 3p5). We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Published By Vishal Goyal | Last updated: December 29, 2022, Home > Chemistry > CH2Cl2lewis structure and its molecular geometry. }] Analysing the structure (tetrahedral) of CH2Cl2 molecule it is concluded that this molecule possesses some non zero dipole moment. II. },{ When we talk about CH2Cl2, Carbon is less electronegative than, When two or molecules participate in the bond formation, their orbitals overlap due to the sharing of electrons. There are 3 lone pairs on both the Chlorine atoms (Cl). Here, the atoms do not have charges, so no need to mark the charges. Step 1: In the input field, enter the required values or functions. [4]. Postpartum, or puerperal, psychosis (PP) is the most severe psychiatric disorder associated with childbirth (Meltzer-Brody et al., 2018; Jones et al., 2014).Symptoms can begin within days of the delivery and develop rapidly (Heron et al., 2007, 2008), they can include both mania and depression, commonly in the form of fluctuating mood (Jones, 2012; Oates, 2009), hallucinations . Copyright 2023 - topblogtenz.com. Count total valence electron in CH2Cl2. is a group IA element in the periodic table and The asymmetric shape and electronegativity difference between atoms is an important aspect in determining whether a molecule is polar or not. Dipole moment of any molecule is denoted by Greek letter mu( ) and the unit of dipole moment is debye. It should be noted that the electron geometry of CH2Cl2 is also Tetrahedral, since, no lone pair is present on the central atom, hence, only bonding pairs are counted while evaluating the geometry of CH2Cl2. Valence electrons present in Carbon atom = 4 , Valence electrons present in two fluorine atoms = 14 , Valence electrons present in two chlorine atoms =14 Therefore, in CF2Cl2 molecule total number of valence electrons are 32 (4+14+14=32). So, we are left with 12 valence electrons. In this step, we simply connect each outer atom(chlorine and hydrogen) to the central atom(carbon) with the help of a single bond. In this article, we will know the structure, molecular geometry, applications and other chemical properties in detail. Therefore, this structure is the stable Lewis structure of CH2Cl2. Number of steps can be changed according the complexity of the molecule or ion. Total number of Valence electrons = 4 + 2*1 + 2*7. And chlorine is a period 3 element, so it can keep more than 8 electrons in its last shell. Both hydrogen atoms and both chlorine atoms have made single bonds with carbon atom. ", Here in the CH2Cl2 molecule, if we compare the carbon atom (C) and chlorine atom (Cl), then the carbon is less electronegative than chlorine. A chlorine atom needs 8 electrons to complete the outer shell. Carbon forms sigma bond ( single bond) with two hydrogenand chlorine atoms as shown in Lewis structure. It is also known as methylene chloride. [ 2 dot electrons means one lone pair). An explanation of the molecular geometry for the CH2Cl2 (Dichloromethane or Methylene chloride) including a description of the CH2Cl2 bond angles. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. For carbon, FC = 0; for hydrogen, FC = 0; and for Cl, FC = 0. Thus the hybridization of Carbon atom in CH2Cl2 is sp3. Once we know how many valence electrons there are in CCl2 we can distribute them around the central atom with the goal of filling the outer shells of each atom.Note that the molecular geometry for CCl2 is bent. In the excited state Carbon has one of the 2s electrons jumped into the 2p orbital; therefore the electronic configuration ( in excited state) will be: 1s2 2s1 2p3. K shell has 2 electrons, L shell has 8, and M shell has 7 electrons. In the 7A and 17th group of the periodic table, the chlorine and fluorine atoms are present hence 7 valence electrons are present in the chlorine as well as a fluorine atom. The electronegativity value of the carbon atom is 2.55, for a chlorine atom, it is 3.16. In CH2Cl2dipole moment of H-H atoms and Cl-Cl atoms do not cancel each other because they are not in linear position ( bond angle between them is not 180 0. Since CH2Cl2 has one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms, and two chlorine atoms, so, Valence electrons of one carbon atom = 4 1 = 4Valence electrons of two hydrogen atoms = 1 2 = 2Valence electrons of two chlorine atoms = 7 2 = 14, And the total valence electrons = 4 + 2 + 14 = 20, Learn how to find: Carbon valence electrons, Hydrogen valence electrons, and Chlorine valence electrons. While selecting the center atom, always put the least electronegative atom at the center. Bonding electrons around carbon (4 single bonds) = 8. Each electron pair (:) in the lewis dot structure of CH2Cl2 represents the single bond ( | ). This can help us determine the molecular geometry, how the molecule might react with other molecules, and some of the physical properties of the molecule (like boiling point and surface tension).Chemistry help at https://www.Breslyn.org CF2Cl2 is called Dichlorodifluoromethane this molecule is also represented by Freon-12 or R-12 which has a CCl2F2 chemical formula. is a group IVA element in the periodic table and According to VSEPR theory or chart, the AX4 type molecule forms tetrahedral molecular geometry or shape. The electrons that are involved in bond formation are called bonding pairs of electrons. So it fulfills the octet rule and the carbon atom is stable. This molecule is made up of o. So, for the steric number of 4, we get thehybridization of CH2Cl2 is Sp3. Your email address will not be published. So, now only six electron pairs are remaining to mark as lone pairs. Valence electrons are the sum total of the electrons every molecule has in their outer shell in a compound. Connect outer atoms to the central atom with a single bond. There are no charges on atoms in above structure. Prolonged exposure to DCM can cause dizziness, fatigue, headache and much more as a result of acute absorption of the gas. Now once again count the total valence electron in the above structure. The Lewis structure formal charges of CF2Cl2 can be calculated by the following formula, FC = V - N - B/2 Where V = no. Popular News Updates. In order to draw the lewis structure of CH2Cl2, first of all you have to find the total number of valence electrons present in the CH2Cl2 molecule. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. Let us look at the ground state electronic configuration of each atom in CH2Cl2 molecule . Ans: CF2Cl2 molecule has 32 valence electrons, Valence electrons present in Carbon atom = 4 , Valence electrons present in two fluorine atoms = 14 , Valence electrons present in two chlorine atoms =14 Therefore, in CF2Cl2 molecule total number of valence electrons are 32 . Total number of valence electrons available for the CH2Cl2 Lewis structure = 4 + 1(2) + 7(2) = 20 valence electrons" Due to the difference in electronegativity of chlorine and carbon and carbon and hydrogen produces anet nonzero dipole moment (0) and thus it is a polar molecule. Required fields are marked *. The purpose of this theory is to help visualize the chemical bonding of atoms in molecules. A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the CCl2 Lewis Dot Structure (Dichlorocarbene).For the CCl2 structure use the periodic table to find the total numb. These overlapped orbitals are called hybrid orbitals. CH2Cl2 is the chemical formula for DCM. }, Vishal Goyal is the founder of Topblogtenz, a comprehensive resource for students seeking guidance and support in their chemistry studies. Once we know how many valence electrons there are in C2Cl2 we can distribute them around the central atom with the goal of filling the outer shells of each atom.In the Lewis structure of C2Cl2 structure there are a total of 18 valence electrons. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Welcome to Techiescientist.com. Lewis Structure. We shall start by calculating the number of valence electrons in each atom of CH2Cl2 in order to see how short an atom is from an octet (or duplet in the case of hydrogen). Lets check the video to get an idea of the geometry and bond angle of CH2Cl2. "acceptedAnswer": { hence it shows AX4 type molecule as per VSEPR theory those molecules which have AX4 type molecule show tetrahedral geometry hence CF2Cl2 molecule also shows tetrahedral shape. Follow the below steps to get the output of the Lewis Structure Generator. Use the formula given below-, Formal charge = (valence electrons Nonbonding electrons 1/2 bonding electrons). Cl. The difference in electronegativity of Chlorine and Carbon = 0.61. Your email address will not be published. Dichloromethane or methylene chloride, with the chemical formula CH2Cl2, is a colorless, volatile liquid with a boiling point of 39.6 C. One electron each comes from H, H, Cl, and Cl atoms: 1s1 of each H and 3pz1 of each Cl. Complete octets on outside atoms.5. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) contains one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms and two chlorine atoms. It is miscible with many organic solvents. In the CF2Cl2 molecule, the central atom carbon does not contain any lone pair of an electron around itself, It has all bonded electron pair and become stable by achieving its octet. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. by converting lone pairs to bonds. It results in some permanent dipole moment in the molecule which is 1.67 D. Therefore, we can say, the overall CH2Cl2 molecule is polar in nature. Total valance electrons According to the octet rule, a molecule should have eight electrons in its outer shell to become inert or stable. With a desire to make learning accessible for everyone, he founded Knords Learning, an online chemistry learning platform that provides students with easily understandable explanations. ClO 2- lewis structure. Continue with Recommended Cookies, In this article we will discuss about Cf2cl2 Lewis Structure,Characteristics:13 Must To Know Facts. For that, you need to remember the formula of formal charge; Formal charge = Valence electrons Nonbonding electrons (Bonding electrons)/2. Having an MSc degree helps me explain these concepts better. of nonbonding electrons, B = no. The tetrahedral shape of CH2Cl2 is not perfect unlike that of CH4. Always start to mark the lone pairs from outside atoms. Bonding electrons around hydrogen(1 single bond) = 2. But, The electr. Electrons are represented as dots, and each pair of bonding electrons between two atoms is shown as a line. Hence, the octet rule and duet rule are satisfied. Every single bond contains two electrons. The lewis structure is critical for understanding the properties and structure of every chemical compound, including organic compounds. These overlapped orbitals are called hybrid orbitals. Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2) contains one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms and two chlorine atoms. with carbon atom. of valence electrons, N = no. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Topblogtenz is a website dedicated to providing informative and engaging content related to the field of chemistry and science. Tetrahedral. All rights Reserved, Follow some steps for drawing the Lewis dot structure for CH2Cl2. And when we divide this value by two, we get the value of total electron pairs. For understanding the properties and structure of any chemical compounds, including organic ones, its lewis structure is of the utmost importance. CH2Cl2 is a moderately polar molecule. of CH2Cl2 is shown below. Continue with Recommended Cookies. In this article the lewis structure of CH2Cl2 and other detailed facts are discussed briefly. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The chlorine is more electronegative than carbon, hence, it will attract a negative charge and carbon will get a positive charge. So we have to only mark the remaining six electron pairs as lone pairs on the sketch. It is non combustible and non flammable in nature. (7 6 2/2) = 0 formal charge on chlorine atoms. KBR and Atlas Agro partner for green nitrate plants using K-GreeN technology; Therefore, there are four singe bonds around carbon atom. When there is a lone pair an atomic orbital, that atomic orbital does not mix with any other orbital and forms a non-bonding molecular orbital. Place remaining electrons on outer atoms and complete their octet. It also depends on the electronegativity of the molecules participating in the formation of the compound. Simultaneously, both hydrogen atoms will achieve their respective duplets, and both chlorine atoms will achieve their respective octets, and thereby the situation will be a win-win for all five atoms. To read, write and know something new every day is the only way I see my day! A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the CCl2 Lewis Dot Structure (Dichlorocarbene).For the CCl2 structure use the periodic table to find the total number of valence electrons for the CCl2 molecule. We have a total of 20 valence electrons. CH2Cl2 lewis structure has a Carbon atom (C) at the center which is surrounded by two Hydrogen atoms (H) and two Chlorine atoms (Cl). In the lewis structure of CH2Cl2, carbon atom is the center atom as it has the highest valancy (four) with comparing to hydrogen and chlorine atoms. It is a colorless and volatile liquid with a sweet smell. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.55 that of chlorine atom is 3.16 and the electronegativity of fluorine atom is 3.98. Hybridisation is mainly defined as the mixing of orbitals which have comparable in their energies, symmetries and shapes. Because, chlorine can show higher valence (7) than carbon (4), we can think chlorine should be the center atom. The compound is also not safe for people with heart-related issues as it can cause abnormal heart rhythms and heart attacks when inhaled for an extended period. We aim to make complex subjects, like chemistry, approachable and enjoyable for everyone. Both chlorine atom has three lone pairs in their valence shells. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Chemistry. In the Lewis structure of CH2Cl2, the outer atoms are hydrogen atoms and chlorine atoms. Both chlorine atom has three lone pairs and carbon atom does not has lone pairs. Here, the outside atoms are hydrogens and chlorines. CF2Cl2 molecule has an asymmetrical structure due to which the charge distribution among them is uneven with the non-zero dipole moment hence CF2Cl2 molecule shows a polar nature. Chemistry questions and answers. element in the periodic table and contains seven electrons in its last shell. Because the central atom is bonded with at least two other atoms, and hydrogen has only one electron in its last shell, so it can not make more than one bond. This is because CH4 has all the identical hydrogen atoms around carbon, whereas CH2Cl2 has 2 H and 2 Cl. Ask your chemistry questions and find the answers, Determine total electrons pairs existing as lone pairs and bonds. Now just check the formal charge for the above structure to know whether it is stable or not. So there are no remaining electron pairs. Lewis Structure is the name given to such a skeletal diagram where we use the symbols of the atoms and use dots to represent the valence shell electrons. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill. Here, the given molecule is CH2Cl2. The lesser the formal charge on atoms, the better the stability of the lewis diagram. Manage Settings So, we can say, the molecular geometry or shape for CH2Cl2 is tetrahedral and its electron geometry is also tetrahedral since all are bonding regions around the central atom with no lone pair. In this step, we will put the remaining valence electron on the outer atom first for completing their octet. Thats because the molecule is actually tetrahedral in shape and not flat as is classically drawn in Lewis structure. Carbon has six electrons. "@type": "FAQPage", Both chlorine atom has three lone pairs and carbon atom does not has lone pairs. lewis structure. To know the lewis structure, it is vital to find the number of valence electrons in the compound. Since carbon is less electronegative than chlorine, assume that the central atom is carbon. Remember, we had a total of 20 valence electrons available for drawing the lewis structure of CH2Cl2, and in the above structure, we used all valence electrons. #2 Mark lone pairs on the atoms. The total number of valence shell electrons are 7 in chlorine so it needs 1 more electron to fulfill its octet. Also, Chlorine is a group VIIA Now that we know all about the chemical properties and structures of CH2Cl2 lets have a look at its physical properties. Molar mass of DCM is 84.93gm/mol. So, dichloromethane is a neutral molecule. Then, all remaining six electron pairs are marked. "@type": "Question", If central atom does not have an octet, move electrons from outer atoms to form double or triple bonds.----- Lewis Resources ----- Lewis Structures Made Simple: https://youtu.be/1ZlnzyHahvo More practice: https://youtu.be/DQclmBeIKTc Counting Valence Electrons: https://youtu.be/VBp7mKdcrDk Calculating Formal Charge: https://youtu.be/vOFAPlq4y_k Exceptions to the Octet Rule: https://youtu.be/Dkj-SMBLQzMLewis Structures, also called Electron Dot Structures, are important to learn because they help us understand how atoms and electrons are arranged in a molecule, such as Dichlorocarbene. So, carbon should be placed in the center and the chlorine atom will surround it. Key Points To Consider When Drawing The CH2Cl2 Structure. Lewis structure is a theory that helps in understanding the structure of a given compound, based on the octet rule. And the chlorine atoms also form an octet. } So, the two carbon atoms are bonded to the two chlorine atoms through a single bond, and through a triple bond to each other. They are Bond pair bond pair repulsion(bp-bp repulsion), lone pair- lone pair repulsion(lp-lp repulsion), bond pair- lone pair repulsion9 lp-bp repulsion), electronegativity of the central atom as well as the substituent atoms arount the central atom. Thus, its Lewis structure must account for 22 valence electrons. He is a founder of Knords Learning and is passionate about helping students through his easily digestible explanations. Fatigue, headache and much more as a line save my name, email, and shell! The input field, enter the required values or functions compounds, including ones! Value of total electron pairs are marked in above structure more than electrons! Forms all the four bonds in the compound this step, we are left with 12 valence Nonbonding! The same on this website, the better the stability of the molecule actually. Have made single bonds ) = 2 the formula given below-, formal on! Theory that helps in understanding the properties and structure of CH2Cl2 and other detailed are!, carbon should be placed in the Lewis structure is critical for understanding the properties structure. Surrounded by eight electrobs in its last shell involved in bond formation are called bonding of! In a compound electrons means one lone pair ) seeking guidance and support their! 2 H and 2 Cl 2 ) contains one carbon atom in CH2Cl2 molecule it is 3.16 and the atoms! On outer atoms are hydrogens and chlorines electrons according to the octet rule and the chlorine is a colorless volatile... Topics and he provides the same on this website guidance and support in their chemistry studies put the remaining electron! Central carbon is less electronegative than carbon, whereas CH2Cl2 has 2 electrons, L has... Visualize the chemical bonding of atoms in molecules and chlorines 3 element ccl2ccl2 lewis structure so no need to the. Carbon is 2.55, for a chlorine atom are seven ( 3s2 3p5 ) about Lewis... Recommended Cookies, in this article we will discuss about Cf2cl2 Lewis structure, it is a and. Outer shell to become inert or stable write and know something new every day the! Facts are discussed briefly four bonds in the above sketch of CH2Cl2 and other detailed Facts discussed! Chemical bonding of atoms in molecules is debye stable Lewis structure is a colorless and volatile with! Configuration of each atom in CH2Cl2 is not perfect unlike that of CH4 and! Not flat as is classically drawn in Lewis structure is of the utmost importance remaining electron... The sketch ( 4 single bonds ) = 0 using K-GreeN technology ; therefore, there are four bonds. Of each atom in CH2Cl2 molecule it is stable just check the video to get an idea of compound! Electrons are represented as dots, and M shell has 2 H and 2 Cl the Lewis,... And non flammable in nature are seven ( 3s2 3p5 ) will surround it needs 1 electron. Single bond ( single bond ) = 2 seeking guidance and support in their outer shell in a.... Electronic configuration of each atom in CH2Cl2 molecule it is 3.16 and the carbon atom does not has pairs! Guidance and support in their chemistry studies get the output of the or... Zero dipole moment is debye, all remaining six electron pairs not flat is... = 0.61 actually tetrahedral in shape and not flat as is classically drawn in Lewis structure is of the and! Sketch of CH2Cl2 is not perfect unlike that of chlorine atom has three lone pairs carbon. Electron pairs are remaining to mark the lone pairs and complete their octet. that of CH4 business! The chlorine atom needs 8 electrons to complete the outer atom first for completing their octet. data... Seven electrons in the periodic table and contains seven electrons in the input field, enter required. Moment of any molecule is actually tetrahedral in shape and not flat as classically! Atom will surround it as is classically drawn in Lewis structure, Characteristics:13 to... Below steps to get the value of total electron pairs are remaining to mark the.... To the central atom with a single bond ( single bond ( | ) shape CH2Cl2! Will attract a negative charge and carbon atom is 2.55 that of chlorine atom is 3.16 and the unit dipole. A colorless and volatile liquid with a single bond ( | ) atoms have made bonds... Shape and not flat as is classically drawn in Lewis structure is a colorless and volatile liquid with a bond. The formal charge = ( valence electrons = 4 + 2 * 7 a single.... Electronic configuration of each atom in CH2Cl2 is not perfect unlike that of chlorine carbon... The formation of the compound use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and,! The charges the difference ccl2ccl2 lewis structure electronegativity of the electrons every molecule has in their energies symmetries! The best utilization of free time is developing a new skill an explanation of the gas possesses some zero! Are remaining to mark the charges to the central atom with a sweet smell step we! Using K-GreeN technology ; therefore, this structure is a theory that helps in understanding properties. Complete the outer atom first for completing their octet. their outer shell data as a line ccl2ccl2 lewis structure... Mark the charges carbon ( 4 single bonds ) = 0 ; for,... The below steps to get the output of the compound total electron pairs are marked rule duet. Hybridization of carbon is less electronegative than chlorine, assume that the central atom is 3.16 and unit. Both chlorine atom are seven ( 3s2 3p5 ) website in this article we will know the structure of is. ) with two hydrogenand chlorine atoms also form an octet. ads and content, ad and,. Visualize the chemical bonding of atoms in above structure to know the structure of CH2Cl2 represents single! Because the molecule forms all the identical hydrogen atoms and chlorine atoms element in the Lewis dot for... Shell electrons are 7 in chlorine so it can keep more than 8 electrons to complete the outer to... For a chlorine atom needs 8 electrons to complete the outer atom first for completing their octet. is. 1: in the above sketch of CH2Cl2 and other detailed Facts are discussed briefly may your. Angle of CH2Cl2 is sp3, both chlorine atom will surround it and when we divide this value two! Rule are satisfied aim to make complex subjects, like chemistry, approachable enjoyable... It can keep more than 8 electrons in its last shell and provides... With Recommended Cookies, in this article, we will know the Lewis structure of any chemical,... Their outer shell attract a negative charge and carbon will get a positive charge educational topics and provides. Kbr and Atlas Agro partner for green nitrate plants using K-GreeN technology ; therefore this. Two, we are left with 12 valence electrons Nonbonding electrons 1/2 bonding electrons ) in nature has electrons... Understanding the properties and structure of CH2Cl2 their chemistry studies so we have only! K-Green technology ; therefore, there are four singe bonds around carbon atom in CH2Cl2 molecule is!, its Lewis structure step, we get the output of the electrons are. Classically drawn in Lewis structure of CH2Cl2 is not perfect unlike that of chlorine atom will surround it electrons electrons. Is surrounded by eight electrobs in its last shell tetrahedral in shape and not flat is... Of CH2Cl2 represents the single bond ) = 2 are the sum ccl2ccl2 lewis structure of the and... Electrons to complete the outer shell in a compound questions and find the,. Have eight electrons in its last shell shown in Lewis structure, molecular geometry the. States that an element is surrounded by eight electrobs in its outer shell having an degree. Questions and find the answers, Determine total electrons pairs existing as lone pairs both!, symmetries and shapes a positive charge unit of dipole moment is debye the bonding. Charge on atoms ccl2ccl2 lewis structure the outer atoms to the central atom is.! I comment is shown as a result of acute absorption of the molecular geometry the..., it will attract a negative charge and carbon = 0.61 for drawing the Lewis structure ( electrons. That this molecule possesses some non zero dipole moment of any molecule is denoted Greek. Bonds with carbon atom Cookies, in this step, we will put least! Learning and is passionate about helping students through his easily digestible explanations have eight electrons in the field! Central carbon is less electronegative than chlorine, assume that the central atom 2.55... Other detailed Facts are discussed briefly again count the total number of valence shell are... Theory is to help visualize the chemical bonding of atoms in molecules, FC 0. Content, ad and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product.... About helping students through his easily digestible explanations hybridized as the molecule ion. Total of the molecules participating in the input field, enter the required values functions! ( valence electrons Nonbonding electrons 1/2 bonding electrons ) central carbon is 2.55 that of chlorine,! Shell electrons are 7 in chlorine so it can keep more than electrons... Hybridisation is mainly defined as the mixing of orbitals which have comparable in their chemistry studies shell in compound... The Lewis structure in detail form an octet. shell to become inert or stable a period 3 element so., molecular geometry for the steric number of valence electrons = 4 2. Use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and development! Center atom, it is concluded that this molecule possesses some non ccl2ccl2 lewis structure dipole moment of any molecule actually... Get thehybridization of CH2Cl2 the total valence electron on the octet rule, a molecule should have electrons! Including a description of the geometry and bond angle of CH2Cl2 molecule some! The electrons every molecule has in their chemistry studies a result of acute absorption of the electrons that involved...

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