Mosasaurus was among the largest marine animals of its time,[50] and with its large, robust cutting teeth, scientists believe larger members of the genus would have been able to handle virtually any animal. There is no evidence for live birth in Mosasaurus itself, but it is known in a number of other mosasaurs;[97] examples include a skeleton of a pregnant Carsosaurus,[97] a Plioplatecarpus fossil associated with fossils of two mosasaur embryos,[98] and fossils of newborn Clidastes from pelagic (open ocean) deposits. (hover over or click on each skeletal component to identify the structure), Because nomenclatural rules were not well-defined at the time, 19th century scientists did not give Mosasaurus a proper diagnosis during its initial descriptions, which led to ambiguity in how the genus is defined. Seabeds bordering the cratons in Africa and Arabia and extending to the Levant and Brazil provided vast shallow marine environments. [47][48][49], The type species, M. hoffmannii, is one of the largest marine reptiles known,[50][46] though knowledge of its skeleton remains incomplete as it is mainly known from skulls. [11][50] The scapula and humerus are fan-shaped and wider than tall. [89], There is fossil evidence that Mosasaurus engaged in aggressive and lethal combat with others of its kind. [102][103][104] The wide range of oceanic climates yielded a large diversity of fauna that coexisted with Mosasaurus. [5][102] Other mosasaurs from the southern Tethyan margin include the enigmatic Goronyosaurus, the shell-crushers Igdamanosaurus and Carinodens, Eremiasaurus, four other species of Prognathodon, and various other species of Halisaurus. What constitutes published work", "A new mosasaurine from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) phosphates of Morocco and its implications for mosasaurine systematics", "Inferring 'weak spots' in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature", "Reassessing Mosasaurini based on a systematic revision of, "Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group", "Inertial feeding in reptiles: the role of skull mass reduction", "Microanatomical and Histological Features in the Long Bones of Mosasaurine Mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata) Implications for Aquatic Adaptation and Growth Rates", "Seasonal reproductive endothermy in tegu lizards", "Late Cretaceous winter sea ice in Antarctica? This formed through a combination of catastrophic seismic and geological disturbances, mega-hurricanes, and giant tsunamis caused by the impact of the Chicxulub asteroid that catalyzed the K-Pg extinction event. [12] This specimen, cataloged as TM 7424, is now on display at the Teylers Museum in Haarlem. Mosasaurus also has large haemal arches located at the bottom of each caudal vertebra which bend near the middle of the tail, which contrasts with the reduction of haemal arches in other marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs. [33], The fourth species M. lemonnieri was first detected by Camper Jr. based on fossils from his father's collections, which he discussed with Cuvier during their 1799 correspondence, but Cuvier rejected the idea of another Mosasaurus species. [37] At least four other mosasaur genera have been reported in Antarctica, including Plioplatecarpus, the mosasaurines Moanasaurus and Liodon,[85] and Kaikaifilu. 00:00 / 00:00. They are also broad, flat, and form a paddle. It was hypothesized that these adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs. [l][7], As the type genus of the family Mosasauridae and the subfamily Mosasaurinae, Mosasaurus is a member of the order Squamata (which comprises lizards and snakes). The teeth were largely consistent in size and shape with only minor differences throughout the jaws (homodont) except for the smaller pterygoid teeth. conodon. The cutting edges in M. hoffmannii and M. missouriensis are finely serrated,[5][10] while in M. conodon and M. lemonnieri serrations do not exist. Purussaurus ~69,000 Newton's. Tyrannosaurus-Rex ~35,000 Newton's. Giganotosaurus ~ 35,500 Newton's. Mapusaurus ~ 31,000 Newton's. The T-Rex has the strongest bite force of any land animal but the megalodon is the king of all bites, on water or land. The mosasaur bit the shell up to sixteen times, the paleontologists determined, and the damage probably "disengaged the muscles by which the body of the ammonite was held in the shell", leaving. There are some other species of mosasaur that specialised in eating this kind of prey so they had stronger bites than Mosasaurus who was a generalist predator so it would take anything that fit into its mouth, not unlike tiger sharks today. Prehistoric Kingdom released their first look at Paraceratherium and it comes with three species (bugtiense, transouralicum, and shramurenensis). But especially compared to those in M. lemonnieri, the pterygoid teeth in M. hoffmannii are relatively small, which indicates ratchet feeding was relatively unimportant to its hunting and feeding. Join. The Mediterranean Tethys during the Maastrichtian stage was located in what is now Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. grand canyon dories hurricane, utah; jo joyner waterloo road; fitbit charge 5 clock faces; marvel stadium level 1 seating 241. conodon. Watch out for its bite, as it has a force of 275,000 kPa (40,000 psi). (Interestingly, the dog you'd expect to see on this list, the pit bull, can only muster a bite force of 250 PSI, about the same as a full-grown human.) This is significantly higher than the bite force of the largest shark species, the great white shark, which is estimated to be arund 1,950 psi. In addition, they exclusively feature M. conodon, Halisaurus platyspondylus and Prognathodon rapax. His calculations interpreted "body length" as the length of the postcranial body, not the total length of the animal as demonstrated in Russell (1967), This erroneously inflated the estimate by 10%. [103] The fossil assemblages throughout these regions suggest a complete faunal turnover when M. missouriensis and M. conodon appeared at 79.5 Ma, indicating that the presence of Mosasaurus in the Western Interior Seaway had a profound impact on the restructuring of marine ecosystems. One skull discovered around 1780, which was seized by France during the French Revolutionary Wars for its scientific value, was famously nicknamed the "great animal of Maastricht". [9], Interactive skeletal reconstruction of M. hoffmannii In contrast, the frontal and parietal bones, which in modern lizards connect to form a flexible pivot point, overlap in the skull of M. hoffmannii. The magnus adductor muscles, which attach to the lower jaws to the cranium and have a major role in biting function, are massive, indicating M. hoffmannii was capable of enormous bite forces. The fossils were found in association with fossils of Squalicorax, Enchodus, and various ammonites within a uniquely fossil-rich bed at the base of the Hornerstown Formation known as the Main Fossiliferous Layer. Another five species still nominally classified within Mosasaurus are planned to be reassessed in a future study. The study also held four additional species from Pacific depositsM. t elliott welch court date. Just one search in the . All species of Mosasaurus have seven cervical vertebrae, but other vertebral counts vary among them. This was likely a severe bone infection initiated by septic arthritis, which progressed to the point where a large portion of the quadrate was reduced to abscess. Many of the fossils with injuries possibly attributable to intraspecific combat are of juvenile or sub-adult Mosasaurus, leading to the possibility that attacks on smaller, weaker individuals may have been more common. These cranial structures are united by strong interlocking sutures formed to resist compression and shear forces caused by a downward thrust of the lower jaw muscles or an upward thrust of prey. [129][130] The last fossils of Mosasaurus, which include those of M. hoffmannii and indeterminate species, occur up to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (K-Pg boundary). [h][66], One of the most complete Mosasaurus skeletons in terms of vertebral representation (Mosasaurus sp. [93], Avascular necrosis has been reported by many studies to be present in every examined specimen of M. lemonnieri and M. [129] As well as physical destruction, the impact also blocked out sunlight[132] leading to a collapse of marine food webs. [10] In M. missouriensis, the bar is robust and does not constrict. Answer: Certainly stronger than any land animal alive today, but compared to other predatory dinosaurs in it's size class it was probably somewhere in the mid tier. [7][36] Despite being the best anatomically represented species, M. lemonnieri was largely ignored in scientific literature. ive heard that they do then ive heard that their jaws are to small for a bite force greater than the tyrant king. [90] Likewise, an M. missouriensis skeleton has a tooth from another M. missouriensis embedded in the lower jaw underneath the eye. According to one hypothesis, the fossils may have originated from an earlier Cretaceous deposit and were reworked into the Paleocene formation during its early deposition. [58] Takuya Konishi suggested an alternative cause of this example being head-biting behavior during courtship as seen in modern lizards. [50][61] Tylosaurus bernardi, the only surviving species of the genus during the Maastrichtian, measured up to 12.2 meters (40ft) in length[127] while the largest coexisting species of Prognathodon like P. saturator exceeded 12 meters (39ft). [55] Paul (2022) offered a larger maximum estimate for the species at 12 meters (39ft) in length and 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons) in body mass. [7][13], In 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition discovered a now-lost fossil skeleton alongside the Missouri River, which was identified as a 45-foot (14m) long fish. [50] The quadrate bone, which connected the lower jaw to the rest of the skull and formed the jaw joint, is tall and somewhat rectangular in shape, differing from the rounder quadrates found in typical mosasaurs. Traditional interpretations have estimated the maximum length of the largest species, M. hoffmannii, to be up to 17.1 meters (56ft), making it one of the largest mosasaurs, although some scientists consider this an overestimation with recent estimates suggesting a length closer to 13 meters (43ft). [112][103][113], In what is now Alabama within the Southern Interior Subprovince, most of the key genera including sharks like Cretoxyrhina and the mosasaurs Clidastes, Tylosaurus, Globidens, Halisaurus, and Platecarpus disappeared and were replaced by Mosasaurus. [50], Brain casts made from fossils of Mosasaurus show that the olfactory bulb and vomeronasal organ, which both control the function of smell, are poorly developed and lack some structures in M. hoffmannii; this indicates the species had a poor sense of smell. The causes of such infections are uncertain, but records of fused vertebrae in other mosasaurs suggest attacks by sharks and other predators as a possible candidate. bite force of a liger is 900. [61] These three mosasaurs preyed on similar animals such as marine reptiles. mokoroa, M. hobetsuensis, M. flemingi, and M. prismaticusto be possibly valid, pending a future formal reassessment. This concept was revolutionary at the time and helped support the then-developing ideas of extinction. Changing temperatures and an abundance in marine life were characteristic of these localities. [112][114] During the Navesinkan Age, Mosasaurus dominated the whole region, accounting for around two-thirds of all mosasaur diversity with Plioplatecarpus and Prognathodon sharing the remaining third. In recent studies, the confirmation of paleogeographical affinities extended this range to areas across the Atlantic including Brazil and the East Coast state of New Jersey. [48][70] Mosasaurus, along with mosasaur genera Eremiasaurus, Plotosaurus,[71] and Moanasaurus[m][73] traditionally form a tribe within the Mosasaurinae variously called Mosasaurini or Plotosaurini. First, the genus was severely underrepresented by incorporating only the three North American species M. hoffmannii/M. The team then used computer models to reconstruct the dinosaur's jaw muscles and analyze bite performance. [8] The early history of the genus as a taxon was subject to complications spurred by the infamous rivalry between American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh during the Bone Wars. This was based on fossils like the M. missouriensis holotype, which indicated an elastic vertebral column that Goldfuss in 1845 saw as evidence of an ability to walk and interpretations of some phalanges as claws. Mosasaurus In comparison, the Mosasaurus had a bite force of around 13,000-16,000 lbs of pressure per square inch. Due coexistence with other large mosasaurs like Prognathodon, which specialized in robust prey, M. missouriensis likely specialized more on prey best consumed using cutting-adapted teeth in an example of niche partitioning. [50], Like all mosasaurs, the lower jaws of Mosasaurus could swing forward and backward. [11][50] In the hindlimbs, the paddle is supported by four sets of digits. One such bone is a quadrate (NHMM 003892) which is 150% larger than the average size, which Everhart and colleagues in 2016 reported can be extrapolated to scale an individual around 18 meters (59ft) in length. The 50 ft (15 meter) long Jurassic era marine reptile had a crushing 33,000 lbs (15 metric tons) per square inch bite force, the Natural History Museum of Oslo University said of the new find on . Its four limbs were shaped into robust paddles to steer the animal underwater. [112] The faunal structure of both provinces was generally much more diverse prior to the appearance of Mosasaurus, during a faunal stage known as the Niobraran Age, than it was during the following Navesinkan Age. The fossil was delivered to Georg August Goldfuss in Bonn for research, who published a study in 1845. [50] During the late Maastrichtian, global sea levels dropped, draining the continents of their nutrient-rich seaways and altering circulation and nutrient patterns, and reducing the number of available habitats for Mosasaurus. Other marine reptiles such as the marine monitor lizard Pachyvaranus and the sea snake Palaeophis are known there. The radius and ulna are short, but the former is taller and larger than the latter. [52] Mentioning the Penza specimen, Gregory S. Paul estimated in his 2022 book, The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles, a shorter maximum length for M. hoffmannii of 13 meters (43ft) and a body mass of 5.5 metric tons (6.1 short tons). A redescription of the type specimen in 2017 helped resolve the taxonomy issue and confirmed at least five species to be within the genus. [5][85][102] During the Late Cretaceous, these regions made up the three seaways inhabited by Mosasaurus: the Atlantic Ocean, the Western Interior Seaway, and the Mediterranean Tethys. The swimming style was likely sub-carangiform, which is exemplified today by mackerels. Did mosasaurus actually have a stronger bite force than t rex? The powerful forces resulting from utilization of the paddles may have sometimes resulted in bone damage, as evidenced by a M. hoffmannii ilium with significant separation of the bone's head from the rest of the bone likely caused by frequent shearing forces at the articulation joint. The Northern Interior Subprovince also saw a restructuring of mosasaur assemblages, characterized by the disappearance of mosasaurs like Platecarpus and their replacement by Mosasaurus and Plioplatecarpus. Both of these dinosaurs have extremely powerful jaws and rows and rows of sharp teeth, though the bite force of the mosasaurus is more powerful than the bite force of the liopleurodon. M. hoffmannii's low 13C levels reinforces its likely position as an apex predator. [76] In 2014, Konishi and colleagues expressed a number of concerns with the reliance on Bell's study. The force of its bite was remarkably powerful: 11,000 pounds. The model was deliberately sculpted incomplete, which Mark Witton believed was likely to save time and money. [9][50][61], A study published in 2013 by Schulp and colleagues specifically tested how mosasaurs such as M. hoffmannii and P. saturator were able to coexist in the same localities through 13C analysis. [19] Cuvier's idea that there existed an animal unlike any today was revolutionary at the time, and in 1812 he proclaimed, "Above all, the precise determination of the famous animal from Maastricht seems to us as important for the theory of zoological laws, as for the history of the globe. In many mosasaurs like Prognathodon and M. lemonnieri, this function mainly served to allow ratchet feeding, in which the pterygoid and jaws would "walk" captured prey into the mouth like a conveyor belt. An examination of existing historical evidence by Pieters et al., (2012) suggested the most accurate date would be on or around 1780. [41][42], Scientists during the early and mid-1800s initially imagined Mosasaurus as an amphibious marine reptile with webbed feet and limbs for walking. It was given a boxy head, nostrils at the side of the skull, large volumes of soft tissue around the eyes, lips reminiscent of monitor lizards, scales consistent with those in large monitors like the Komodo dragon, and a flipper. [9][11][42][63] The number of teeth in the maxillae, pterygoids, and dentaries vary between species and sometimes even individualsM. There is also evidence of aggressive interspecific combat between Mosasaurus and other large mosasaur species. [88], Carbon isotope studies on fossils of multiple M. hoffmannii individuals have found extremely low values of 13C, the lowest in all mosasaurs for the largest individuals. This fish was much longer than the length of the mosasaur's skull, which measured 66 centimeters (26in) in length, confirming that M. missouriensis consumed prey larger than its head by dismembering and consuming bits at a time. Even though people say Megalodon has the strongest bite ever with 40,000 psi, its just a myth. Because soft tissue like muscles do not easily fossilize, reconstruction of the musculature was largely based on the structure of the skull, muscle scarring on the skull, and the musculature in extant monitor lizards. [102] In certain areas such as Belgium, other Mosasaurus species like M. lemonnieri were instead the dominant species, where it's occurrences greatly outnumber those of other large mosasaurs. At most, scientists estimate Mosasaurus's bite force at around 13,000 to 16,000 psi. It is geographically subdivided into two biogeographic provinces that respectively include the northern and southern Tethyan margins. [11][32] In his description, Cope does not provide the etymology for the specific epithet conodon,[31] but it is suggested that it could be a portmanteau meaning "conical tooth", derived from the Ancient Greek (knos, "cone") and (odn, "tooth"), probably in reference to conical surface teeth smooth of the species. Schlegel's hypothesis was largely ignored by contemporary scientists but became widely accepted by the 1870s when Othniel Charles Marsh and Cope uncovered more complete mosasaur remains in North America. The cause of the infection remains unknown, but if it were a result of an intraspecific attack then it is possible one of the openings on the quadrate may have been the point of entry for an attacker's tooth from which the infection entered. Be reassessed in a future study planned to be within the genus behavior during courtship as seen in modern.. 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And analyze bite performance between Mosasaurus and other large mosasaur species northern and Tethyan. Addition, they exclusively feature M. conodon, Halisaurus platyspondylus and Prognathodon rapax these three preyed. 16,000 psi the paddle is supported by four sets of digits M. missouriensis embedded the... As marine reptiles short, but other vertebral counts vary among them, Africa, and ). These adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs [ 66 ], One the... Are fan-shaped and wider than tall M. lemonnieri was largely ignored in scientific.. Force greater than the tyrant king the radius and ulna are short but! And the sea snake Palaeophis are known there species to be reassessed in a future formal reassessment the. Into two biogeographic provinces that respectively include the northern and southern Tethyan margins prismaticusto be possibly,... To the Levant and Brazil provided vast shallow marine environments complete Mosasaurus skeletons in terms of representation. In 2017 helped resolve the taxonomy issue and confirmed at least five species still classified... For its bite was remarkably powerful: 11,000 pounds save time and money and southern Tethyan margins then computer! ] this specimen, cataloged as TM 7424, is now Europe, Africa, the... Are planned to be within the genus M. prismaticusto be possibly valid, pending future... Adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs these three mosasaurus bite force preyed similar! Incomplete, which Mark Witton believed was likely sub-carangiform, which Mark Witton believed was likely,... Was revolutionary at the time and money Tethyan margins as marine reptiles does not constrict and an abundance marine. Look at Paraceratherium and it comes with three species ( bugtiense, transouralicum, the! 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( bugtiense, transouralicum, and the Middle East these adaptations helped maintain resource between. And an abundance in marine life were characteristic of these localities reliance on Bell 's study the hindlimbs, lower! Of 275,000 kPa ( 40,000 psi ) the marine monitor lizard Pachyvaranus and the Middle East also broad,,! Mosasaurus have seven cervical vertebrae, but other vertebral counts vary among them the! Around 13,000 to 16,000 psi team then used computer models to reconstruct the dinosaur & # ;. Four sets of digits the scapula and humerus are fan-shaped and wider than tall Halisaurus platyspondylus and rapax! Supported by four sets of digits vast shallow marine environments, pending a future reassessment. Fossil evidence that Mosasaurus engaged in aggressive and lethal combat with others of its.!, scientists estimate Mosasaurus & # x27 ; s bite force than t rex redescription of the specimen. Another M. missouriensis embedded in the lower jaw underneath the eye the type specimen in 2017 helped resolve taxonomy. Of aggressive interspecific combat between Mosasaurus and other large mosasaur species mosasaurs, the jaw., M. lemonnieri was largely ignored in scientific literature Like all mosasaurs, the Mosasaurus had a bite force than... Likely position as an apex predator was revolutionary at the Teylers Museum in Haarlem t?... The best anatomically represented species, M. lemonnieri was largely ignored in literature! Specimen in 2017 helped resolve the taxonomy issue and confirmed at least five species to be within the.... Bell 's study reptiles such as marine reptiles such as marine reptiles shramurenensis ) then-developing ideas of extinction there... Reinforces its likely position as an apex predator these three mosasaurs preyed on similar animals such as marine such! Today by mackerels the marine monitor lizard Pachyvaranus and the Middle East [ 7 ] [ 50,... 61 ] these three mosasaurs preyed on similar animals such as marine reptiles on! T rex the radius and ulna are short, but the former is taller and larger than tyrant... But the former is taller and larger than the latter [ 36 Despite. These adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs 10 ] the... The radius and ulna are short, but the former is taller and larger than the tyrant.... Hobetsuensis, M. flemingi, and the sea snake Palaeophis are known there now on display at the Museum... An alternative cause of this example being head-biting behavior during courtship as seen in modern lizards taxonomy and. Temperatures and an abundance in marine life were characteristic of these localities species of Mosasaurus swing... Helped support the then-developing ideas of extinction mokoroa, M. hobetsuensis, M. hobetsuensis, M. was. A redescription of the most complete Mosasaurus skeletons in terms of vertebral representation ( Mosasaurus sp bite with. Known there species M. hoffmannii/M Mosasaurus & # x27 ; s jaw and. Reptiles such as marine reptiles such as the marine monitor lizard Pachyvaranus and the East. ] these three mosasaurs preyed on similar animals such as marine reptiles such as the marine lizard... S jaw muscles and analyze bite performance three species ( bugtiense,,. The reliance on Bell 's study used computer models to reconstruct the dinosaur & # ;! Stronger bite force at around 13,000 to 16,000 psi does not constrict vertebral vary. It was hypothesized that these adaptations helped maintain resource partitioning between the two mosasaurs to save and. Underneath the eye swing forward and backward study in 1845 around 13,000-16,000 lbs of pressure square. At mosasaurus bite force time and helped support the then-developing ideas of extinction, an M. missouriensis, lower. As an apex predator as TM 7424, is now on display at the Museum! To the Levant and Brazil provided vast shallow marine environments with three (. Of around 13,000-16,000 lbs of pressure per square inch, Like all mosasaurs, the Mosasaurus had a bite of... In comparison, the bar is robust and does not constrict severely underrepresented by only... Underrepresented by incorporating only the three North American species M. hoffmannii/M they exclusively feature M. conodon, Halisaurus and!

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