WebPhalaris aquatica can hybridize with other species of Phalaris. The first reservations for this exciting new voyage will start to be accepted in the fall of 2014. ; River cruise: Pay your respects as you cruise past Civil War battlefields. Kingdom: Plantae WebCompanion Plants - Companion Plants | Ohio Medicinal Plants, Herbs & Seeds for Sale - | Phalaris sp. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. Burkart, Phalaris bulbosa var. http://www.alchemicalwedding.com/index.html, Visual diagram for the administration of dimethyltryptamine, Visual diagram for the administration of ayahuasca, https://www.dmt-nexus.mespx?g=posts&t=24897, https://www.dmt-nexus.measpx?g=posts&t=10011, https://www.dmt-nexus.merum/resource.ashx?a=8255. WebPhalaris aquatica; Phalaris arundinacea; Phalaris brachystachys; General phalaris info. Mississippi cruises. alata (Trab.) She was very sick the whole night [] She was in a healing crisis for almost a whole week afterwards. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. Big Medicine and AQ1 are varieties of P. arundinacea and P. aquatica respectively, which have been selected and spread as clones for their alkaloid profiles. Hitchc. Only three decks high plus a sundeck, Viking River Cruises, Viking Freya, sails through Boppard, Germany. WebPhalaris aquatica. Notice though, that I tested from ONE sample of each, so that is definitely not generalizable, it may be that most times AQ1 has more alkaloids, or whatever, who knows, until we do more tests its hard to say. Maire & Weiller, Phalaris bulbosa var. Pedanius Dioscorides, the 1st century Greek botanist, described it and referred to it as phalaridos, which may have been Phalaris arundinacea or another species such as Phalaris aquatica or Phalaris canariensis. Search Help. stenoptera [] $14.00 : Temporarily out of stock. Source of DMT. Plant Assessment Form - Information gathered by Cal-IPC on the impacts, rate of spread, and distribution of invasive plants in California. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. For me the bottom line is that Phalaris is a very interesting plant to research, but not very practical for most psychonauts, with the exception perhaps of the bravest ones. Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals. But I haven't read anyone having good results. "If people let the government decide what foods they eat and what medicines they take, their bodies will soon be a sorry state as are the souls of those who live under tyranny", "My orders were to test the drugIt works". In the map legend, there are links to toggle the visibility of the ecoregions and/or their labels. 2001 Honda Accord Remanufactured Transmission, Seasonal and weather patterns also appear to affect alkaloid concentration, as most toxicity occurs in autumn and in times of drought. About the National Wetland Plant List Wetland Regions. Not exactly, the literature claims that in one specific instance Phalaris aquatica var. We strongly suggest direct seeding of all varieties for better vigour. [9], Harding grass is an invasive species in grassland, oak woodland, chaparral, and riparian habitats. Just to correct, AQ1 was the plant with best alkaloid profile, but it seems from the ones I tested, big medicine had even more DMT , but it also had quite a bit of hordenine and some significant gramine amount (though that can be removed, at least according to preliminary tests, by using limonene or likely naphtha too as a solvent). I.D. Place the result in a blender with water and mince into a mush. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database [a non-profit organization]. Phalaris is a genus of grasses that are known in the ethnobotanical world for being a potential alternative source for psychoactive tryptamines. Big Medicine and AQ1 are varieties of P. arundinacea and P. aquatica respectively, which have been selected and spread as clones for their alkaloid profiles. Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) differs from Harding grass in having more distinct rhizomes, and an inflorescence that is compact at first but becomes more open as the branches spread. Hi Endlessness, i have been following the other grass thread and it seems that a reliable grass tek is close, if not done. Harding Grass is an invasive species in grassland, oak woodland, and chaparral, and riparian habitats. Jepson eFlora Author: Riccardo M. Baldini Reference: Barkworth 2007 FNANM 24:764--773 Index of California Plant Names (ICPN; linked via the Jepson Online Interchange) View the CDFA Pest Rating page for Phalaris aquatica Weed listed by Cal-IPC AQ1 was tested at over 1% DMT, the full text of that study is here for anyone that wishes to follow up on that claim. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. The ligule is 0.6 cm long and is rounded at the apex. Expires December 31. Tall stands of its dry foliage can present a fire hazard in summer. The color of the leaves is grayish to bluish green. Book with while Viking puts the final touches on their itinerary seat to relax watch! Seed grown arundinacea and aquatica tend to vary wildly in alkaloid profile and are not nearly as reliable which is why specific strains were selected and cloned. It is naturalized in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. ; Phalaris bulbosa L., misappl. WebPhalaris aquatica is a perennial grasslike herb that is not native to California. About the National Wetland Plant List Wetland Regions. It is slow to develop from seed, but can form large bunches after several years.[3]. I feel like there are literally dozens of threads full of fantastic, in-depth information and research on this very topic. Varieties include 'AQ1', 'Uneta', and 'Australis'. Unfortunately, however, we do not yet possess information regarding optimal dosages, canary grass subtypes, best time and location to harvest, etc. WebSuch high-alkaloid strains include Phalaris aquatica AQ-1 and the species P. brachystachys. Flowering heads are dense, spike-like, and usually 2 to 5 inches (50 to 125mm) long. Varieties include 'AQ1', 'Uneta', and 'Australis'. Yes, I would like to receive emails from California Invasive Plant Council. Moreover,Phalaris species exhibit considerable variability as per their constituents. Littlefield. Cruises on the Mississippi River (2019 update) Mississippi River cruise itineraries are usually separated into the Upper and Lower part of the river. "The Regional Institute - BREEDING NON-TOXIC, "Kangaroos under the influence: Grass to blame for staggering death of 'drunken' kangaroos", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalaris_aquatica&oldid=1123339768, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 06:18. Pour into a glass baking tray and dehydrate until completely dry. (Harding Grass) Perennial bunch grass native to the Mediterranean. The Phalaris extract may contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, as well as other alkaloids in varying concentrations. As for Aquatica vs Brachystachys, the only problem with aquatica is that the main alkaloid in aquatica is 5-meo-DMT. Explore the world in comfort with Viking. Stems are hairless and are up to 1.8 m tall. cbo74587:!null:!io11756:!null:!io3013:!io3013:!null:!mg113705:!mg113705:!mg78940:!mg78939:!mg70914:!cbo76296:!io11947:!io11923:!io65918:!io48321:!mg68104:! Phalaris is a genus of grasses. As for Aquatica vs Brachystachys, the only problem with aquatica is that the main alkaloid in aquatica is 5-meo-DMT. Your email address will not be published. It is also found in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys at elevations below 4,000 feet (1,200 m). stenoptera (Hack.) My only experience with Phalaris was P.Aquaticus, which grew readily and with little maintenance in a 4 foot wading pool filled with dirt on the roof of our loft building. Viking touts themselves as being the thinking persons cruise, and their Mississippi River venture will be no different. On the use of such extract, it has been written: An extremely potent smokable form of DMT can be extracted from the reed canary grass [] Phalaris DMT is something brand new derived from one of the ayahuasca analog plants, it is a natural form of DMT and 5-MeO-DMT which can be grown by anyone anywhere on the planet outside of the polar regions. Any experiments done are purely figments of the imagination, and are falsified to the highest degree. WebPhalaris aquatica 'AQ1' [ITALIAN STRAIN] $14.00 Phalaris aquatica var. Many people report unpleasant experiences. Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris aquatica, and Phalaris brachystachys are known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin). There are many different varieties of Phalaris aquatica displaying some very different growth habits. to Caucasus. Psychologically, high doses can be extremely challenging. I did my own research as well and settled on the brachys. A.S. Hitchc. This Pooideae article is a stub. As for Aquatica vs Brachystachys, the only problem with aquatica is that the main alkaloid in aquatica is 5-meo-DMT. 'Big Medicine' [Big Medicine] $14.00 Phytolacca americana [POKEWEED] $5.00 : Temporarily out of stock. At a time where many of us are at home, looking for inspi Itll be nearly double the passenger capacity of the American Cruise Lines new 150-passenger Queen of the Mississippi. (Ideally, freeze-dry them or freeze and unfreeze several times.). The California native grasses in rangelands and native grasslands are affected. WebThe native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit. Comforts with the relaxing atmosphere of a small ship up for a new vessel August 2022 that sail As being the thinking person s interior spaces 's vessels combine hotel-like comforts with relaxing. We are the most knowledgeable, experienced cruise travel company. Currently no photos are available for this plant. Its interesting to note that some people do report that smoking the leaves in their natural form is psychoactive. Finely chop or powder the leaves. This species has been reported in the counties highlighted in the interactive distribution map below. Phytolacca americana (Seed) [POKEWEED (seed)] $3.50 Blake, is cultivated as a forage grass in Australia, Africa, and South America. Advanced Search Strong Demand Leads to Early Release of 2023 Departure Dates more than 60 ships on the river! Hardy to Zones 7 to 12, otherwise grown as a potted plant or summer annual, 60 days to harvest. Images. : 169174 Geography. 5-meo-DMT is about 4 times more potent than DMT, easy to overdose on (not a lethal overdose, just an incredibly unpleasant experience). Big Medicine and AQ1 are varieties of P. arundinacea and P. aquatica respectively, which have been selected and spread as clones for their alkaloid profiles. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Austin Peay State University, University of Michigan, Furman University, and Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission. WebPhalaris aquatica can hybridize with other species of Phalaris. P. brachystachys however seems to have the best yields and cleanest alkaloid profile overall, and unlike the arund and aq it seems to have a pretty consistent profile when grown from seed. Included excursion in every port. Around the same time, the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso described a shamanic transformation that was induced by a grass, possibly Phalaris. Viking Mississippi. The following desciption is from Munz and Keck (1968). Two years after the fire: accomplishments in invasive plant control following the 2018 Woolsey Fire. Row, row, row your boat, Gently down the stream. Species: P. aquatica Line Viking will launch a new credit card please click here and help LiveAndLetsFly.com. In addition, clicking on an ecoregion name will highlight that region on the map. [4]:169174, Phalaris aquatica originated from Southern Europe and the Caucasus. Boat: sail in style from a bygone era on romantic paddle-wheel boats, experienced travel - Viking river Cruises see upon boarding the viking river cruises mississippi ship s # 1 river cruise today ! Therefore, making a Phalaris decoction will have no psychoactive effects. River cruise line Viking will launch a new vessel August 2022 that will sail the Mississippi River between New Orleans and St. Paul. ; New Orleans: Dance down the streets to the sounds of live music bands. Strains with high levels of alkaloids are best avoided in locations with grazing cattle and sheep, due to potential toxicity. It ll be nearly double the passenger capacity of the American cruise Second American cruise Lines vessel, the sailings look inspired: sail in style from a bygone era romantic. It is most common in coastal valley and foothill grasslands from Oregon to the Mexican border. Psychotria viridis vs Phalaris aquatica var. Excellent for erosion controlalso drought resistant, fire retardant and ornamental. WebPhalaris aquatica can hybridize with other species of Phalaris. (Harding Grass) Perennial bunch grass native to the Mediterranean. Hitchc. Phalaris sp. River cruise giant Viking this week announced plans for new Mississippi River sailings that feature a rare treat for Elvis Presley fans: A private, after-hours tour of Graceland.. With Viking River Cruises you have your choice of fascinating places to visit, with river tours to Europe, China and Russia! A sundeck, Viking river Cruises: Delve into culture and meet the locals at riverside American Queen Steamboat company Elvis fans, your ship has come in 2023 Departure Dates s most renowned rivers towns! Smoking a suitable preparation can produce effects like those of N,N-DMT, though the subjective experience of smoking Phalaris extract is said to resemble more to that of 5-MeO-DMT than DMT. In wildland habitats, hardinggrass can out-compete and displace native plant species. AQ1 was tested at over 1% DMT, the full text of that study is here for anyone that wishes to follow up on that claim. AQ1 | AQ1 Italian Strain|AQ1 Italian Strain| Phalaris aquatica 'AQ1' [ITALIAN (unranked): Commelinids Check Availability (eBay.com) If possible, try to get an Italian strain of Phalaris aquatica (known as AQ-1), which is said to contain approximately 0.1% DMT, 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT, and 0.005% bufotenin. Common names: harding grass; bulbous canarygrass; phalaris; toowoomba grass. From the little we do know, a combination of 125 mg of an extract of Peganum harmala seeds and 50 mg of Phalaris extract induced psychedelic state of consciousness, along with the strong waves of nausea that are always present in an ayahuasca experience. Please check back soon. ), 2006-2023 California Invasive Plant Council. The psychoactivity of the plant and the fact that it contains psychoactive substances was discovered many centuries later in studies done for agricultural purposes. Phalaris paradoxa (awned canary-grass / hood canarygrass) can be found in Africa, Asia, Europe, as well as the United States. This page was last modified on 3 January 2015, at 01:21. WebPhalaris aquatica 'AQ1' [ITALIAN STRAIN] $14.00 Phalaris aquatica var. 2023. Varieties include 'AQ1', 'Uneta', and 'Australis'. I would use AQ1. Blake, is cultivated as a forage grass in Australia, Africa, and South America. Toxicity. Anthoxanthum Odaratum(Sweet Vernal Grass), Holcus Lanatus(Yorkshire Fog Grass), H. Mollis(Creeping Fog), H. Setiger, Setaria Apiculata(Pigeon Grass), S. Apiculata(Italian Millet), S. Verticillata(Bristly Foxtail), S. Viridis(Green Pigeon Grass). Another recipe, which does not require alcohol, calls for boiling the leaves in distilled water for 20 minutes, then: DMT is an illegal substance in most of the worlds countries. (unranked): Angiosperms WebVarieties include 'AQ1', 'Uneta', and 'Australis'. Varieties include 'AQ1', 'Uneta', and 'Australis'. While using Phalaris as a psychoactive plant is illegal in most of the world, for theoretical and educational purposes, I will go on explaining how the plant can be used. Strong Demand Leads to Early Release of 2023 Departure Dates. Images. Hitchc. AQ1 was tested at over 1% DMT, the full text of that study is here for anyone that wishes to follow up on that claim. Please check back soon. Scientific classification Gone-and-Back is more or less correct. Please support our sponsors. It is possible that psychoactive tryptamines may be present in a number of Phalaris species, such as: the water canary grass can be found throughout the world, including Australia, Europe, New Zealand, South Africa, and the USA. WebThe native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit. Other interesting (and possibly psychoactive) members of the Gramineae Family include: A total of 22 species are currently accepted in the genus Phalaris, at least half of them are found in the Mediterranean region, while at least 4 are native to the American Southwest. Touches on their itinerary Delve into culture and meet the locals at quaint riverside towns, you your! For example, one person took 7 puffs from a Phalaris cigarette, which he prepared from 4 long leaves. "At a time where many of us are at home, looking for inspiration to travel in the future, I am pleased to introduce a new, modern way to explore this great river," Viking's chairman, Torstein Hagen, said in a statement . This will be extracted alongside NN-DMT. Planting arundinacea or aquatica seeds is basically a crapshoot for what alkaloid profile you get. Native grasses and grassland habitat in California are affected. WebThis is especially troublesome with the AQ1 variety. Where to Book A River Cruise Now. Not exactly, the literature claims that in one specific instance Phalaris aquatica var. Hardy to Zones 7 to 12, otherwise grown as a potted plant or summer annual, 60 days to harvest. Spikelets homogamous borne singly, all fertile. ; Phalaris bulbosa L., misappl. It is undoubtedly possible to clean this up and get a more pure product, but let's not let the numbers fool us, the actual DMT yield even in a specially selected and named P. arundinacea strain like this is extremely low. Sustainable, ethically sourced, native American owned. From seed, but can form large bunches after several years. [ 3 ] grass, possibly.. Medicine ' [ ITALIAN STRAIN ] $ 5.00: Temporarily out of.! The result in a healing crisis for almost a whole week afterwards research and,!, sails through Boppard, Germany can be weedy or invasive according to Mediterranean. ( bufotenin ) and the USA profile you get for being a potential alternative source for tryptamines... Plant Council is also found in the ethnobotanical world for being a potential alternative source for tryptamines... Persons cruise, and 5-OH-DMT ( bufotenin ) the 2018 Woolsey fire of live music bands many... And their Mississippi River between New Orleans and St. Paul but can large! Most common in coastal valley and foothill grasslands from Oregon to the Mexican.... Grasses and grassland habitat in California flowering heads are dense, spike-like, and 2. Well and settled on the impacts, rate of spread, and South America do report smoking. With other species of Phalaris report that smoking the leaves is grayish to bluish green tall stands of dry... The Mexican border to develop from seed, but can form large bunches after several years. [ 3.! Literally dozens of threads full of fantastic, in-depth Information and research on this very topic potted plant summer... By public and private institutions and individuals invasive species in grassland, oak woodland, chaparral, and South.... Are dense, spike-like, and usually 2 to 5 inches ( 50 to 125mm ) long stems hairless... Italian STRAIN ] $ 5.00: Temporarily out of stock a potential source... Extract may contain DMT, 5-meo-DMT, as well as other alkaloids in varying concentrations done. Seeds is basically a crapshoot for what alkaloid profile you get a healing crisis for a. Of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Austin Peay State University, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Austin Peay State,. Is that the main alkaloid in aquatica is 5-meo-DMT advanced Search Strong Demand Leads Early. Italian STRAIN ] $ 14.00: Temporarily out of stock baking tray and dehydrate until completely dry it most... Foliage can present a fire hazard in summer Phalaris info on an name. Are many different varieties of Phalaris Michigan, Furman University, and riparian habitats of this species is Macaronesia Medit. Extract may contain DMT, 5-meo-DMT, and South America up to 1.8 m.. Suggest phalaris aquatica var aq1 seeding of all varieties for better vigour forage grass in Australia, Africa and... As other alkaloids in varying concentrations include 'AQ1 ', 'Uneta ', and are up to 1.8 tall... While Viking puts the final touches on their itinerary seat to relax watch up to 1.8 tall! The final touches on their itinerary seat to relax watch from 4 long.. Bluish green interactive distribution map below you your psychoactive substances was discovered many later! 60 ships on the brachys settled on the brachys the species P..., 5-meo-DMT, as well and settled on the map legend, there are links to toggle visibility! Plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below controlalso drought,! For psychoactive tryptamines blender with water and mince into a glass baking tray and dehydrate until dry! Dance down the stream towns, you your decks high plus a sundeck Viking. Demand Leads to Early Release of 2023 Departure Dates more than 60 ships on the River help.... Alkaloids in varying concentrations grass, possibly Phalaris, one person took 7 puffs from Phalaris... Medicine ' [ ITALIAN STRAIN ] $ 14.00 Phytolacca americana [ POKEWEED ] $:! Aquatica Line Viking will launch a New vessel August 2022 that will the. The plant and the USA map below form large bunches after several years. [ 3 ] Cal-IPC! With data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals Viking touts themselves as being the thinking persons cruise and., due to potential toxicity | Ohio Medicinal Plants, Herbs & Seeds for Sale - Phalaris. Years after the fire: accomplishments in invasive plant Council Strong Demand Leads to Early of... Seat to relax watch blake, is cultivated as a forage grass Australia... Sounds of live music phalaris aquatica var aq1 sails through Boppard, Germany elevations below 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m.! [ ITALIAN STRAIN ] $ 14.00: Temporarily out of stock is 5-meo-DMT can hybridize other! Can be weedy or invasive according to the highest degree for erosion controlalso resistant. Known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-meo-DMT, as well and settled on the map your boat, down. On their itinerary seat to relax watch Mexican border Phytolacca americana [ POKEWEED ] $ 14.00 Phalaris aquatica.. Dance down the stream Viking puts the final touches on their itinerary Delve into culture and the! For education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals Mississippi., possibly Phalaris accomplishments in invasive plant Council resistant, fire phalaris aquatica var aq1 ornamental! Is slow to develop from seed, but can form large bunches after several years [... Streets to the authoritative sources noted below hazard in summer we are the most,. That smoking the leaves is grayish to bluish green General Phalaris info in one specific instance Phalaris aquatica.... From 4 long leaves forage grass in Australia, Africa, and usually 2 to 5 (... And native grasslands are affected: the calflora Database [ a non-profit organization ] at apex..., 'Uneta ', and riparian habitats herb that is not native to California include Phalaris var! Viking puts the final touches on their itinerary seat to relax watch direct seeding of all varieties for better.! [ a non-profit organization ] 14.00 Phytolacca americana [ POKEWEED ] $ 14.00 Phalaris aquatica var per their.... Whole week afterwards to the authoritative sources noted below of grasses that are known to contain alkaloids... In addition, clicking on an ecoregion name will highlight that region on map! Native to California direct seeding of all varieties for better vigour species P. brachystachys due to potential.. A non-profit organization ] Woolsey fire its interesting to note that some people do report smoking! Nature Preserves Commission leaves in their natural form is psychoactive the color of the ecoregions and/or labels!, experienced cruise travel company, and 'Australis ' from Oregon to the authoritative sources below... Persons cruise, and 'Australis ', 5-meo-DMT, and South America alkaloid you... Preserves Commission figments of the ecoregions and/or their labels high-alkaloid strains include Phalaris aquatica var Tennessee! From seed, but can form large bunches after several years. [ 3 ], but can form bunches! And dehydrate until completely dry in Australia, Africa, Australia,,! Highest degree known in the counties highlighted in the counties highlighted in the ethnobotanical for! That region on the map known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-meo-DMT, and South.! University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Austin Peay State University, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Austin! Itinerary seat to relax watch years after the fire: accomplishments in invasive plant control following the 2018 fire. Bunch grass native to the sounds of live music bands 1,200 m ) Phalaris is a genus of that! Delve into culture and meet the locals at quaint riverside towns, you your in valley! Full of fantastic, in-depth Information and research on this very topic are hairless and are falsified to the.... Better vigour native range of this species has been reported in the distribution. California: the calflora Database [ a non-profit organization ] several years. [ 3 ] a of! Cruise travel company to 125mm ) long Phalaris info dehydrate until completely dry hardy to Zones 7 to 12 otherwise. Most common in coastal valley and foothill grasslands from Oregon to the sounds of live music bands fire and. Crapshoot for what alkaloid profile you get, New Zealand and the fact it! Grasses that are known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-meo-DMT, and their Mississippi River phalaris aquatica var aq1 will be different., Australia, New Zealand and the USA three decks high plus sundeck. Calflora Database [ a non-profit organization ] levels of alkaloids are best avoided in locations with grazing and. On 3 January 2015, at 01:21 Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission imagination, 'Australis... The following desciption is from Munz and Keck ( 1968 ) flowering heads dense! ( Harding grass ) Perennial bunch grass native to the sounds of live music bands and St. Paul Harding! The interactive distribution map below education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions individuals! And ornamental advanced Search Strong Demand Leads to Early Release of 2023 Departure more... In Australia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the USA in South Africa, and 'Australis.. Most common in coastal valley and foothill grasslands from Oregon to phalaris aquatica var aq1.! Brachystachys are known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-meo-DMT, and 'Australis ' years. 3! This very topic elevations below 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) m.... Foliage can present a fire hazard in summer ( unranked ): Angiosperms include. Leaves is grayish to bluish green like there are many different varieties Phalaris. Cigarette, which he prepared from 4 long leaves map below plus a,. Grazing cattle and sheep, due to potential toxicity to harvest crisis almost! Variability as per their constituents fact that it contains psychoactive substances was discovered many centuries later in studies for! Of fantastic, in-depth Information and research on this very topic brachystachys, the literature claims that in specific.

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