What are its consequences? Kissinger and his assistant Winston Lord were also present. [5], The expression was used in the 1991 film Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country in which "only Nixon could go to China" is quoted by Spock as "an old Vulcan proverb". It was only a first step, but a decisive one, in the budding rapprochement between the two states. Nixons intention with his visit was to project goodwill and cooperation, and make it known to the world that the U.S. recognized a third superpower on the world stage, one that could be an important economic ally and a strategic foil in negotiations with the Soviets. But it also took the death of Mao and the coming to power of Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to relax the repression and xenophobia within China, so the country could take advantage of the door that Nixon and Mao initially opened. [3], Improved relations with the Soviet Union and the PRC are often cited as the most successful diplomatic achievements of Nixon's presidency. He also served on the board of directors of the National Committee on U.S./China Relations and is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. Asia-Pacific Council and other public policy and scholarly organizations. For example, the relationship weathered some difficulty as Zhou Enlai became incapacitated and before Deng Xiaoping took charge, when the so-called Gang of Four were dominant in Beijing. Nixon visited China because he wanted to strengthen their relationship going forward and open up new trade possibilities. On February 22, 1972, the Peoples Daily printed a picture of Chairman Mao shaking hands with Richard Nixon. They ask whether it really was the week that changed the world, and they question whether Nixon, a Republican and staunch anti-communist, was really the only American leader capable of opening relations with China. 2000 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Many people lost their jobs and homes. Nixon, always a fan of the big play, had high hopes that his trip to China would be the kind of seismic geopolitical event that changed the course of history. What was the Nixon Doctrine? It went into the freezer in the wake of the Tiananmen incident in 1989, when values again came to the fore in American perspectives on the relationship. Conversation Number: 656-10 (excerpt 1). February 27 marked the joint issuing of the Shanghai Communiqu, a statement of Chinese and American foreign policy views that has remained the basis of Sino-American bilateral relations. The Yalta Conference was a meeting of three World War II allies: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin . The good news is however deep our differences on some of these issues, none has led, or shows signs of leading, to conflict between us. [31], Nixon's visit played a role in opening China to U.S. trade eventually putting downward pressure on U.S. So, yes, the Nixon visit is still very much alive, at least in my class in the Elliott School. Early in his first term, Nixon, through his National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, sent subtle overtures hinting at warmer relations to the government of the PRC. What was stagflation? Shambaugh: As noted, it took seven more years before President Carter normalized diplomatic relations with China in January 1979thus opening all kinds of exchanges: academic, business, tourism, sister cities and states/provinces, scientists, militaries and various government departments, etc. He was right. A 1975 evaluation from senior leader Geng Biao, in contrast, said that Nixon visited China because his policy of isolating China had become bankrupt and that China had allowed Nixons visit, not in the slightest due to positive feelings toward the US.. [6], One of the main reasons Richard Nixon became the 1952 vice-presidential candidate on the Dwight Eisenhower ticket was his strong anti-communist stance. The media presented Nixon communicating with Chinese government officials, attending dinners, and being accorded tours with other people of influence. It was like going to North Korea today. Just two months after Nixon returned from Beijing, he set off again for Moscow, where he and Leonid Brezhnev signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) and made plans for a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. space flight in 1975. The Chinese were on their best behavior. But are there still common grounds between the countries that can be attributed to this effort 50 years ago? Throughout the week the President and his senior advisers engaged in substantive discussions with the PRC leadership, including a meeting with CCP chairman Mao Zedong, while First Lady Pat Nixon toured schools, factories and hospitals in the cities of Beijing, Hangzhou and Shanghai with the large American press corps in tow. On the morning of February 21, 1972, US President Richard Nixon landed in the People's Republic of China. Equally important, historians of China have flipped the script. [17][15] Although Nixon was in China for a week, this would be his only meeting with Mao. In this conversation, President and Mrs. Nixon discuss the arrival of the pandas at the National Zoo. \hline 1972 & 55.1 \% & 1996 & 49.0 \% \\ \hline 1964 & 61.4 \% & 1988 & 50.3 \% \\ Lord described Mao's purposeful and episodic language as a "very skillful performance. On February 21, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon arrived in China for an official trip. The element in the relationship that is unrecognizable from the time of Nixons trip, of course, is the economic. \hline 68 & 84 & 69 \\ YearTurnoutYearTurnout196461.4%198850.3%196860.7%199255.2%197255.1%199649.0%197653.6%200050.3%198052.8%200455.7%198453.3%200857.1%\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|} Zhou Yi - Less Revolution, More Realpolitik: Chinas Foreign Policy in the Early and Middle 1970s. In many ways, he was right. Nevertheless, Mao felt well enough to insist to his officials that he would meet with Nixon upon his arrival. Forty years ago this week, Richard Nixon undertook his historic visit to China that ended over two decades of estrangement between the United States and the Peoples Republic of China. B-It was funded by al-Qaeda as a way to protest American involvement in the Middle East. The U.S. had literally turned a cold shoulder to Chou in 1954, says Thomas. Yet, down deep, there remains an intrinsic attraction between the two peoples. \text{ August } & 30,000 & 22,800 \\ What they want and what the U.S. seems to want are very much at odds. In these respects, it certainly changed the world. For the 50th anniversary of the "week that changed the world"--- the summit between the United States and China from February 21-28, 1972 during which US President Richard Nixon met with Chinese Communist Party leader Mao Zedong---this video features excerpts from China experts on the significance of what is considered one of the major diplomatic turning points in modern history. [10], In July 1971, President Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger secretly visited Beijing during a trip to Pakistan, and laid the groundwork for Nixon's visit to China. [29][30] In his discussion with Japanese PM Kakuei Tanaka, Mao Zedong recounted, "I told Nixon, 'I voted for you when you ran for President. Shambaugh: The Nixon visit continues to fascinate, in part, because it was such great public theaterbecause it took place on live television. [32], In 1979, there was a state visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States from January to February, the first official visit to the U.S. by a senior leader of the P.R.C. National Security Council staffer (and later U.S. "[6], Due to secrecy surrounding diplomatic negotiations during the visit and various media restrictions, American press in China often followed Pat Nixon's sightseeing. The basic bargain to put ideology and values to the side has substantially held. [11][12] Transcripts of White House meetings and once confidential documents show Nixon began working to open a channel of communication with Beijing from his first day in the White House. It adds textures and nuance to our understanding of China's mindset and strategies in diplomatic negotiations, and should aid American diplomats dealing with China in the 21st Century. Are China, the rising power and the worlds second largest economy, and the United States, the dominant power in the world, likely to chart a perilous course toward the Thucydidess Trap? U.S. President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai at, important strategic and diplomatic overture, U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States, Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States, "China and the United States: Nixon's Legacy after 40 Years", "Ulysses S. Grant: International Arbitrator (U.S. National Park Service)", "CHINA POWER Kissinger's Visit, 40 Years On", "Getting to Beijing: Henry Kissinger's Secret 1971 Trip", "Nixon In China Itinerary, Feb. 17 -28, 1972", "Nixon Asserts That Western Rightists Pleased Mao", "Nixon's China's Visit and "Sino-U.S. Joint Communiqu", "1972 Election - 1972 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com", "Assignment: China The Week that Changed the World", "Memorandum of Conversation between Chou En-lai and Henry Kissinger", "EXCERPT OF MAO ZEDONG'S CONVERSATION WITH JAPANESE PRIME MINISTER KAKUEI TANAKA", "MAO ZEDONG, 'SETTLEMENT OF THE QUESTIONS OF RESTORATION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND JAPAN STILL DEPENDS ON THE GOVERNMENT OF THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY', How Nixon's China Visit affected U.S. Inflation for 50 Years, "China State Dinners: President Jimmy Carter and President Richard Nixon talk with Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping of China", Nixon's Trip to China, including the President's recollections documented on White House tapes, Index of articles on Nixon's foreign policy, including China, Nixon's Trip to China: Records now Completely Declassified, Including Kissinger Intelligence Briefing and Assurances on Taiwan, Presidential transition of Dwight D. 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What caused it? Q: Did Nixons China policy and visit facilitate the creation of modern China? Richard Nixon Library,WHPO-8521-17a, National Archives Identifier:40509550. Nixon signaled his interest in improved relations by easing the travel and trade restrictions against China that dated from the Korean War in the early 1950s. We have a common interest in preventing Pakistan from becoming a long-term source of instability and base for terrorism, but differing perspectives on Pakistans relationship with India. The second collection, Sino-American Cooperation, 1972-1989," details the new, cooperative phase in relations that followed Nixons visit in 1972 and lasted until the brutal crackdowns on Chinas pro-democracy movement in 1989. There was also deindustrization. Shambaugh: This is the subject for a much longer discussion. The following costs were incurred during the past 121212 months: MonthPintsofApplesauceProducedEnergyCostJanuary35,000$23,400February21,00022,100March22,00022,000April24,00022,450May30,00022,900June32,00023,350July40,00028,000August30,00022,800September30,00023,000October28,00022,700November41,00024,100December39,00024,950\begin{array}{lcc} It is unlikely that anyone will come up with a new formula to do so, with the relationship increasingly less one-sided in terms of leverage. A pivotal moment in twentieth century diplomatic history, historians and other observers nevertheless continue to debate the visit, its legacies, and some of the myths that have come to surround it. It would take another seven years before official diplomatic relations would be consummated under the Carter administrationwhere I worked on the China staff of the National Security Council staff at the timewhich in turn opened a wide variety of direct ties between our two societies, but the Nixon visit catalyzed the process. From February 21 to 28, 1972, President Richard Nixon became the first president to visit the People's Republic of China (PRC), traveling there specifically for talks with communist leader Mao Zedong. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), HUM Images/Universal Images Group/Getty Images, How Ping-Pong Diplomacy Thawed the Cold War, https://www.history.com/news/nixon-china-visit-cold-war, How Nixons 1972 Visit to China Changed the Balance of Cold War Power. Sutter: It was a big news item, and it was widely applauded. The Warren Court (1953-1969), named for its Chief Justice, Earl Warren, played a significant role in the advancement of both civil rights and individual liberties due to Warren's "strict scrutiny" of the Constitution through a filter of egalitarian ethical principles. That changes our perceptions and, and that's what's happened over the last few years. This is something we should remember about U.S./China relations when they are as strained as they are today. Apples can be stored for several months in cold storage, so applesauce production is relatively uniform throughout the year. To avoid embarrassing Secretary of State William P. Rogers, Nixon requested to the Chinese for Lord to be cropped out of all the official photographs of the meeting. China was desperate. [6], Internationally, Nixon's visit played a role in leading to the September 1972 Japan-China Joint Communiqu between Mao Zedong and Kakuei Tanaka. What was Nixon's detente? Schambaugh: I suppose what you are referring to as my characterization of China being narrow minded refers to my previous view that China was acting for a long time, in essence, as a free rider on the international communitytaking what it could get from the outside world to facilitate its own modernization, while contributing only relatively minimally to what international relations specialists call global public goods an global governance. Former World Bank President and Deputy U.S. Secretary of State Robert Zoellick called China out for this in a famous 2005 speech in which he called on China to become a responsible international stakeholder. I agreed with Zoellicks critiquethat China was now a big, increasingly strong, and wealthy nation that should be contributing much more to the world community, to global governance, and not being so singularly obsessed with its own development. 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